Böcker i British Archaeological Reports International Series-serien

In the cemeteries of Graeco-Roman Alexandria in Egypt, archaeological investigations initiated more than a century ago discovered various water systems adapted for specific funerary purposes. From the foundation of the city in 332 B.C. to the third century A.C., over fifty hydraulic installations have been noted within the records of Alexandria itself and its vicinity. From a corpus that inventories the hydraulic structures identified to this day in the archaeological literature, the different water management systems are described and reasons put forward to explain the presence of these devices (wells, cisterns, basins, etc.). The results show that the cemeteries should not just be considered as a 'cities for the dead' but also as places of rebirth and life. Some of the devices discovered within the funerary context have echoes in the libation systems already known in the Mediterranean and lead towards an evaluation, from textual and iconographical documents, of the role of water in the offerings to the Alexandrian dead.

Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 24A study of war and the impact of war in the Central Andes from 2000 BC to AD 500.

Collection survey, scientific analysis and preventive conservationThis work focuses on the research findings from a collection survey of Euro-Mediterranean post-Byzantine ecclesiastical garments, known as sakkoi, from the Holy Mountain of Athos located in Chalkidiki, Greece. The sakkos appeared to be an evolution of the Greek chiton (10th - 8th BC) to the Roman dalmatic (180- 192 AD). The study begins with a discussion of the nomenclature, while it addresses the issue prevalent in Byzantine and post-Byzantine research, as to the historical provenance of this liturgicalgarment. Different approaches ranging from art historic and semiotic research to scientific examination using sophisticated analytical techniques are applied, in order to introduce a cultural, historical and technological context of the garments. The Mount Athos sakkoi, never previously researched, date from the end of the 15th to the 20th century and they are garments worn by Patriarchs, Bishops, and Emperors. The survey examines fifty two sakkoi from fourteen monasteries, identifying constructional andstylistic details, material components using analytical techniques (Optical Microscopy, HPLC and SEM-EDS) and technological evidence such as fibres, dyes, metal threads and weaving techniques, whilst analysing the sources of degradation and decay. This research demonstrates not only the scope of a conservation collection survey methodology for elucidating new information about specific items but also it's potential to add to the knowledge relating to the history, development and use of such garments. A major goal of the study was to enable intellectual access to this inaccessible collection and the mechanism for disseminating this information. Major attention was also drawn on new preventive conservation approaches that can be adopted to preserve the items as a 'living' collection, including guidelines for the continuation of production of those garments. The spiritual dimension of these artefacts is thus discussed within the framework of conservation ethics. This research offers for the very first time,a complete assemblage of knowledge regarding the production, synthesis, condition and display of the ecclesiastical Athonian sakkoi.

The research conducted for this work revolves around the Egyptian word HAi. Man's innate desire to defeat death has found expression in his ritual behavior and mythology. In conjunction with the preservation of the corpse, the deposition of grave goods with the body, and the ceremonial act of burial, the ancient Egyptians devised a symbolic journey for the dead in order for them to pass on to a new life - this is the ritual of HAi. The term has the connotation of "ritually transport" with the express purpose of revivifying or rejuvenating the deceased. The results of this research are arranged under the following headings: genre of sources, participants (divided chronologically into three chapters), the avian motif that is connected to many references, location and time, the significance of the A 28 gesture, and a catalogue of sources. Generally, each chapter follows in chronological sequence. On a few occasions, for ease of discussion, similar sources have been grouped together within a particular period.

This book contains papers mainly in English (2 in French) and session abstracts in English, German and Spanish.

Eight studies of First Millennium AD burials in Crimea, England and southern Scandinavia.Papers from a session held at the European Association of Archaeologists Fourth Annual Meeting in Göteborg 1998Collection of eight papers which treat three different areas of study: Late Scythian cemeteries, Anglo-Saxon England and southern Scandinavia. Two main dimensions of society were studied: ethnicity and social status, both expressed through material culture and mortuary customs.

Detailed report on rescue excavations on the Roman and Byzantine village of Sumaqa. The excavations unearthed remains of a synagogue, several residential areas, workshops, extraordinary oil and wine presses, and burial caves. All finds are discussed with extensive chapters on Roman and Byzantine pottery, glass, coins, faunal and floral remains, and architecture.With contributions by Y. Ben Ephraim, S. Chaim, J. Drory, M. Henig, L.K. Horwitz, G.L. Jacobson, A. Kindler, S.A. Kingsley, O. Lernau, N. Liphschitz, A. Tsatskin, Y. Turnheim and M. Weinstein-Evron

Papers from a session held at the European Association of Archaeologists Fifth Annual Meeting in Bournemouth 19998 papers on Ethno-archaeology and its transfers from a session of the European Association of Archaeologists conference at Bournemouth in 1999. The sites covered range from Siberia to Indonesia and the topics discussed from modern day pottery studies in present day-Africa to Neolithic sickle harvesting in Cantabrian Spain.

Just over two thousand years ago, Julius Caesar set into motion events that would culminate in the conquest of the tribes of Gaul. It is to the coins of one of these tribes that this book addresses itself. The Coriosolites inhabited what is now Cotes-d'Armor in Brittany. The tribe has left a large number of coins: more than 20,000 are recorded, and no Celtic tribe is so well represented. Large hoards of these coins have been found in Jersey, Brittany, and Normandy. Foremost among these is the La Marquanderie hoard from Jersey, consisting of over 11,000 coins. The La Marquanderie hoard forms the basis of this book. The further strength of this engagingly-written study is its appeal to a wide range of interests: it is not just a catalogue of coins, but a case study of Celtic religious philosophy and aesthetics, referring to such apparently disparate subjects as poetry, physics, and psychology. (The Appendices show all the flow charts in addition to an Index of Design Elements and a concordance between the author's coin numbers and Rybot's. There is also a Quick Identification Chart with which any Coriosolite coin may be classified in a few minutes.)

An integrated study of the archaeological plant and animal remains from rural and urban sites, using modern ethnographic information to develop a model of economic organisation and contactBradford Monographs in the Archaeology of Southern Asia 1This study compares two environmentally very different regions in The North West Frontier Province of Pakistan, during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, in order to better understand their contrasting subsistence strategies. The two regions under study are the valleys of Dir and Swat in the North, and the Charsadda District in the Vale of Peshawar, and these areas represent very different cultural inhabitants during this period. The study deals primarily with the period of settlement stretching from 1700-1000 BC, and this comes between the final stages of the Harappan Civilisation and the beginning of the early historic cities of Charsadda and Taxila. This is a period that has been traditionally considered one of cultural unrest, and this book looks at archaeological and environmental evidence from both old and new sources in order to gain a better perspective on this apparent period of discontinuity in these two regions. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of plant and animal remains in order to understand the development of subsistence strategies over time. Ethnographic studies were also carried out in order to gain a model of subsistence land use in these areas, and these are compared to the archaeological evidence, some of which is new, some of which is a re-examination of previous studies. This allows conclusions to be formed over how important certain factors are on subsistence strategies in the regions in question, contrasting between geographical and environmental situations on one side, and other factors such as culture, race and religious beliefs.

In this work, the author aims to arrive at a meaningful frame of reference for the earliest occupation of Eurasia. The basis for this endeavour, and the subject of the first part of this study, is a solid chronology of occupation founded on a critical assessment of the evidence. This chronology is then compared to that of various events in and aspects of the evolution of global and regional climates and ecologies, as well as various events in and aspects of hominin evolution itself. Archaeological and biological clues to changing behaviour in Africa and Eurasia over the timespan of 2.5-0.3 Ma are assessed against the background of changing climate and environments in the second part of this work. These form the background against which an attempt is made to provide a context of behavioural and cognitive evolution leading to these earliest colonizations. The primary goal of this discussion of the earliest occupation of Eurasia therefore is not to present the earliest dates with as many dots as possible in remote corners of the World map: the primary goal is to understand how, because of which factors of change, these dots appeared

The Peloponnese forms an approximate cultural province. The precise delimitation of a cultural province, even for a restricted archaeological period, is not always easy to define. Over a time-span of some three thousand years, which witnessed probably considerable climatic and ecological changes, and certainly the development of a great diversity of pottery types, it is not to be expected that cultural boundaries should remain constant. In the earliest stages of the Neolithic period it could be argued on the ceramic evidence that all the Greek mainland, from Macedonia to Laconia, constituted one province, while during what is generally known as the Middle Neolithic period, the same area could be subdivided into five or six zones. With this qualification, however, the pottery of the Peloponnese is on the whole sufficiently distinguished from that of its northern neighbours by style and technique to justify treating the region as a single cultural unit. This is more clearly apparent in some phases than in others. It was decided originally to take the whole Neolithic Age as the chronological framework for the study, principally because it was thought that a unified study of the development, changes and relationships of all the Neolithic pottery from one region might make a useful contribution to the elucidation of Greek and Aegean prehistory. It is, too, a moment in man's history that has a certain stadial unity of its own, at least in this part of the world. It starts with his first efforts to control the environment through agriculture and animal husbandry, and ends with the rapid expansion of trade and intercourse that accompanied the development of metallurgical techniques in the Early Bronze Age.

Following the excavations at Sumaqa, Horvat Raqit was chosen as the second site for excavation and research on Mount Carmel. The excavations at Sumaqa were conducted between 1983-1995 and produced a rich and unique yield of historical and archaeological information about the Carmel range, but there was still some doubt as to whether the Sumaqa findings fully reflected the history of all the Carmel settlements during the Roman and Byzantine periods, or whether Sumaqa was a Jewish township isolated from its neighbours on the mountainous Carmel. Consequently a proposal was made, which was repeatedly discussed with the Sumaqa professional team, to study an additional site in the area and enrich the knowledge of the mountainous Carmel that was insufficiently known or familiar at the time. Raqit lay in a long-standing pine forest with paved roads that reached the foot of the spur on which the site is located. The site was almost completely covered by the forest undergrowth, but over the years this also protected it from the depredations of antiquity robbers. In the winter of 1992, a series of surveys of Horvat Raqit was conducted. Although Raqit had been surveyed in the course of the second half of the 19th century and in the 20th century too, no map of the site was available and its definition by the various surveyors was partial and inaccurate. By the summer of 1993 a detailed map of Raqit had been produced which was defined as a large estate villa. The excavations at Sumaqa were concluded in the summer of 1995, and in the spring of 1996 a small team went to Raqit to familiarize itself with the site and conduct trial excavations. After only a few days of work at the site it was unanimously decided that Raqit was worthy of detailed study and large-scale excavation, and indeed, between 1996 and 2002 annual excavations were conducted at Raqit, the results of which are published in this volume.With contributions by: Baruch Arensburg, Etan Ayalon, Yigael Ben-Ephraim, Leah Di Segni, Rivka Gersht, Gusta Jacobson, Liora Kolska Horwitz, Arie Kindler, Mordechai Kislev, Nili Liphschitz, Mina Marmorstein, Henk K. Mienis, Patricia Smith, Varda Sussman, Alexander Tsatskin, Anna de Vincenz and Ohad Zackheim

From the Early Minoan period to the Late Minoan IB destruction in Crete

This volume is the product of a Theoretical Archaeology Group (TAG) conference session (held at Lampeter, Wales, in December 2003) entitled Mentalités and Identities in Motion. Included here are all the papers held there, and more besides. The session centred on the role of past ways of thinking, feeling and acting in social transformation, and exploring past worldviews as (instead of being relegated to the 'fictional' or anecdotal) an integral part of every aspect of human life, not just explicit contexts of power struggles and domination, but also approachable from the material evidence. The contributions are widely spread across space and time, ranging from Northern Ireland to Sicily, from France to Bulgaria and covering almost every period from the Mesolithic to the Thirty Years' War. On top of this, they are also very different in methodology, in the ways they have interpreted the session title and approached their evidence. Before rushing headlong into this kaleidoscopic mix, then, it is worth briefly explaining the rationale behind the session title and the selection and arrangement of papers.

Papers from a Session held at the European Association of Archaeologists Ninth Annual Meeting in St. Petersburg 2003

This study is the first gendered study of the prehistoric rock art of Naquane National Park in Valcamonica, northern Italy. Its purpose is to identify and describe gendered representations and imagery in the rock art of Naquane, in order to reconstruct potential gender roles, gender relations and ritual activities during the Bronze and Iron Age periods. The social role of art in non-western cultures is explored, as well as recent work on gender studies in archaeology and rock art, with a view towards placing the prehistoric rock art of Naquane within a social and cultural context. Gender-specific access to and usage of the rock art sites during successive phases of prehistory is considered and analysis is presented of the possible rituals being portrayed in the rock art and their potential social implications. Discussion also focuses on the social and ritual construction of femininity and masculinity during different chronological periods, as well as upon possible gendered motifs and sexual imagery in the rock art. The study concludes with a discussion of the incidence of over-carving and the incorporation of earlier images into later rock art panels, considering potential reasons why certain earlier carvings were actively curated among the predominantly male-orientated Iron Age rock art.

This work centres on one central question: should the passage from the Late Bronze II to the Iron I Age in Palestine, from the 13th to the 11th centuries BCE, be viewed, as is classically accepted, simply as a period of transition characterised by occasionally disrupted continuities? And yet the process of territorial division characteristic of Palestine, and of the entire Levant during this period, engendered the development of new cultural entities, initially introverted (13th century), but subsequently in contact with each other through political conflict (11th century). This process of territorial division in Palestine was accompanied by a profound redefinition of the demographic landscape, directly inherited, from the Canaanite people of the Late Bronze Age. In spite of these factors, a return to political and economic autonomy is one of the major characteristics of these periods. Based on the typological and technological analysis of formally unstudied ceramic materials from the acropolis of Tel Yarmouth, the author's research contributes to a more precise perception of this period, in particular in terms of its chronological evolution. Firmly anchored in chronological continuity, the pottery of this period testifies to the existence of a new codification of the relationships existing between the different regions of Palestine. Despite intrinsic political instability between the region of Palestine, a state of relative equilibrium was maintained during the Iron Age I. Consequently, the author proposes that the term 'mutation' could be used in the place of the more general term 'transition' to define this period, during which socio-political parcelling of territory resulted in the accentuation of local particularities, and which preceded, after a period of slow political gestation, the emergence of the new state of the first millennium BCE.

Basal-looped spearheads were prevalent in the British Isles during the later part of the Middle Bronze Age. Their main period of use covered the Taunton and Penard industrial phases in Britain, and the contemporary Bishopsland phase in Ireland, dating to around 1300-1000 BC. Distribution also extended to the northwestern area of Continental Europe. The diagnostic attribute of these spearheads is the loops at the base of the blade, either incorporated within the blade, or projecting below it. Ireland is likely to have been the place of origin of the category, with manufacturing taking place in Ireland, Britain and on the Continent. 551 basal-looped spearheads are included in the study's catalogue. 54% of these come from Britain, 32% from Ireland and 14% from the Continent. A typology is developed for the category, sorting them into eight main types and establishing the chronological sequence of these types. Recovery contexts are weighted to watery locations at 80% of the total, supporting the interpretation that much of the deposition was purposeful, and represented a form of votive offering. The condition of the spearheads is analyzed, from which it can be concluded that at least two thirds had been used in some form of combat. An experimental programme was undertaken with replicas which were combat tested at the Royal Armouries, Leeds. The programme demonstrated the versatility of the basal-looped spearhead, and its overall superiority to the rapier, the main contemporary sidearm. The basal-looped spearhead may therefore be considered the primary weapon of its time in the British Isles, with use in warfare and on ceremonial occasions. Its supremacy began to be eclipsed during the Penard phase with the introduction of the early flange-hilted swords from the Continent.

Acts of the Xth Session of the EAA Congress, Lyon September 2004This volume represents the proceedings (with later additions) of a session held at the EAA Congress, Lyon, in September 2004. The session looked at continuing exchanges between educators and archaeologists, discussing, among other topics, how programmes are successfully organized and viewed in different countries.

On the death of Dan Urman in 2004, his colleagues set about completing his unfinished manuscripts, including this volume: Rafid on the Golan (its ruins remain in a demilitarized zone controlled by United Nations forces), one of Dan Urman's last archaeological projects. He succeeded in completing the chapters detailing the survey of the houses in the village, carried out during the years 1968-1970. The houses were measured, photographed, and an overall map was drawn, which included all houses, alleys, footpaths, public areas and water reservoirs. The survey team realized that Rafid was an unusual archaeological resource that preserved scores of ancient buildings still standing from foundation to the rafters, constructed of basalt. Dan Urman saw in the survey of Rafid and in the scientific material collected within its framework the highest achievement of the Golan survey: the intact buildings built of decorated basalt could, in his opinion, serve as a model of the building style prevalent in the Roman and Byzantine periods - not only on the Golan, but also on the Korazim and Issachar plateaus. Because of the long time that elapsed between the survey and the preparation of the material for publication, it was necessary to find a Golan expert, who would complete lacunae in the manuscript and present with the rich archaeological material from Rafid also the general background and new research on the Golan and the region bordering on it. Dr. Moshe Hartal from Israel Antiquities Authority, who worked in the original survey team with Dan Urman agreed to work on the manuscript and added the following chapters: The geographical setting, the architectural decorations, the Hauran-style architecture and a synthesis of the history of Rafid in the various historical periods.Written by Dan Urman and edited by Shimon Dar, Moshe Martal and Etan Ayalon

L'Architettura Rupestre è una particolare forma di architettura che presenta caratteristiche "costruttive" e morfologiche diverse da quelle tradizionali. Il volume propone una revisione delle procedure di acquisizione 3D, elaborazione e rappresentazione inerenti l'Architettura Rupestre attraverso uno studio metodologico sulle diverse fasi del processo e la sistematizzazione dei criteri operativi. Lo studio è stato attuato attraverso l'integrazione di differenti metodi di rilevamento e, allo stesso tempo, attraverso la comparazione di strumenti software per la gestione ed elaborazione dei dati, in funzione della rappresentazione e della comunicazione finale. L'approfondimento della ricerca metodologica è stato condotto su un caso di studio nazionale, rappresentato dal Monastero Benedettino di Subiaco, esempio di integrazione tra architettura e cavità naturali che ha permesso di trovare soluzioni alternative su aspetti fondamentali della ricerca.Rupestrian Architecture is a particular form of architecture that presents 'constructive' and morphological characteristics different from the traditional ones. This volume proposes a general revision of procedures for the 3D acquisition, elaboration and representation of Rupestrian Architecture through a methodological study on the different phases of the process and a systematization of the operational criteria. The study was implemented by integrating different survey methods and, at the same time, by comparing software tools for data management and processing, focusing on the final representation and communication of the data. The methodological research was conducted as a national case study, represented by the Benedictine Monastery of Subiaco, an example of the integration of architecture and natural cavities that has allowed the author to find alternative solutions in fundamental aspects of the research.

This book, constructed around a central theme rather than a specific time period or region, aims to show how different researchers working on different topics address the issues around the inter-relationships between groups in pre- and protohistoric periods, through the analysis of certain raw materials. This diachronic perspective allows the reader to obtain a broader view of some of the lines of research that are being followed in different areas of the Mediterranean. The editors intend for this monograph to open its doors to researchers who work over a broad chronological period, rather than focusing on a specific moment, as some congresses or collective monographs do. It is hoped that it presents avenues for future research, which can help other researchers to understand some of the lines that are currently being followed and the methodologies that are being used to analyse and determine the origin of raw materials used in the preparation of ornaments, ceramic vessels, lithic instruments, and other objects.

The present volume on the site of Mas Gusó presents in detail the results obtained during fourteen excavation campaigns, focusing, this time, on the Roman settlement. This complex was built in the late second century BC over an old Iberian settlement, which in turn occupied the space on which an Early Iron Age community had previously settled, following a previous Bronze Age settlement. The Roman complex of Mas Gusó had a military-public function, as a praesidium intended to control the hinterland territories of Emporion and to take part in military actions within the province of Hispania Citerior, beginning with the Late Republic, c. 135 BC, and continuing for several centuries until its disappearance around 280 AD. During the first decades of the Common Era, the complex was probably transformed into a statio, directly linked to the local road network, although it did not lose its military function. The building presents a classical structure, showing a clear Italic influence that is observed repeatedly and with little variation throughout the Empire.En el presente volumen sobre Mas Gusó se exponen extensamente los resultados obtenidos a lo largo de catorce campañas de excavaciones, referidos, en esta ocasión, al establecimiento de época romana. Un complejo levantado hacia finales del siglo II a.C. sobre un antiguo asentamiento ibérico, el cual, a su vez, ocupó el mismo espacio en el que anteriormente se estableció una comunidad de la primera Edad del Hierro, sucesora de otra de la Edad del Bronce. El conjunto romano de Mas Gusó tuvo un carácter público-militar, un praesidium relacionado con el control del hinterland ampuritano y con las operaciones militares en la Hispania Citerior, desde la Baja República, hacia el 135 a.C., prolongándose su existencia a lo largo de los siglos, hasta desaparecer alrededor del año 280. A partir de las primeras décadas de nuestra era, probablemente fue transformado en una statio, vinculada directamente a la red viaria local, sin perder su función militar. Adopta una estructura clásica, de clara filiación itálica, que se repite con pocas variaciones a lo largo de todo el Imperio.

This book springs from the compilation of papers and posters presented in 2013 and 2014 at the 2nd and 3rd Enardas Colloquia, entitled 'Living Places, Experienced Places'. The first part, in two chapters, is entitled 'Concepts and tools to study rock art'. The second part, 'From sub-naturalistic to Schematic rock art tradition', discusses various expressions of recorded art in the hinterland area of northwest Iberia, as well as expressions of the schematic art tradition from north-central Portugal. The third part, 'Atlantic tradition rock art' comprises four chapters. The fourth part, 'Other styles', includes five chapters focusing on depictions that the book editors consider distinct from the best-known regional styles.Edited by Ana M. S. Bettencourt, Manuel Santos Estevez, Hugo A. Sampaio and Daniela Cardoso

La presente raccolta contiene 33 articoli in italiano o inglese che, con differenti approcci e prospettive, si concentrano sull'archeologia minoica di Creta, estendendosi tuttavia anche al periodo neolitico e agli inizi dell'età del Ferro. Alcuni articoli presentano evidenze o materiali inediti, mentre altri contribuiscono al dibattito aperto su 'vecchie questioni' con nuove e aggiornate interpretazioni. Lo spettro dei temi toccati dagli autori è ampio: architettura, iconografia, produzione ceramica, paesaggio e territorio, cronologia assoluta e relativa, scritture, relazioni culturali, pratica funeraria, collezionismo e ricezione del passato minoico in età contemporanea. Diversi contributi hanno il loro focus geografico in Festòs, sede del leggendario regno di Rhadamanthys, e Haghia Triada, i siti sui quali si è concentrata l'attività di ricerca di Filippo Carinci. Nel complesso, il volume è una lettura essenziale e aggiornata sia per gli studiosi interessati alla preistoria dell'isola di Creta sia per quelli che si occupano di età del Bronzo in altre aree dell'Egeo.This book gathers together 33 original papers, in Italian and in English, which bring a variety of approaches and perspectives to the Minoan archaeology of Crete, including also the Neolithic period and the beginning of the Early Iron Age. Some of the papers present fresh evidence or materials, while others contribute to ongoing debates with new interpretations. The range of the themes touched by the authors is wide: architecture, iconography, pottery production, landscape and territory, absolute and relative chronology, scripts, cultural relations, funerary practices, collecting and modern reception of the Minoan past. Many contributions focus on Phaistos, seat of the legendary kingdom of Rhadamanthys, and Haghia Triada, the sites to which Filippo Carinci devoted his research activity. As a whole, the volume is essential, up-to-date reading both for scholars interested in the prehistory of the island of Crete and for those working on the Bronze Age of other parts of the Aegean.

This volume contains 11 articles that spring from the conference 'Bridging the Danube: Roman Occupation and Interaction in the Middle and Lower Danube Valley, 1st-5th c. AD' (Timi¿oara, 2014). The papers present current research by East European scholars at sites such as Novae, Viminacium and Drobeta. The volume is, in part, intended to stimulate awareness amongst western scholars of the importance of the provinces of Moesia, Dacia and Thracia in the history of the Roman Empire and the research potential in the region. Topics include the effect of the Romans on native settlements and defensive systems, the integration of modern technology and historical maps in archaeological surveys, the food supply of the Roman army, Roman defensive systems, funerary practices, demographic issues concerning Roman soldiers and settlers in the Danubian provinces, and imperial portraiture.

The primary goal of this book is to determine whether there are convergences or divergences in the positioning of cave art, through the combined study of the parietal art and the specific space in which it was executed. The methodology proposed analyses a series of variables: the presence of archaeological context, the specific location of the figures, the cave transit, the spaces selected and their potential visibility and capacity. The methodology proposed has been applied to eight caves: Covaciella, Chufín, El Linar, Las Chimeneas, Las Monedas, La Pasiega, Covalanas and Pondra. The analyses allow the author to document the existence of graphic planning through the position of the depictions. In the Cantabrian Region, spaces that allow the presence of individuals or small groups were preferentially selected, though there are also areas that potentially could have room for larger groups of more than twenty people. Moreover, chronological differences have been observed. These may indicate different functions, uses and meaning for the cave art throughout the Upper Palaeolithic.El punto de partida es definir si existen convergencias o divergencias en el posicionamiento del arte parietal a través del estudio combinado del arte paleolítico y el espacio concreto en el que fue ejecutado. La metodología propuesta analiza una serie de variables: la presencia de contexto arqueológico, la localización específica de las grafías, el tipo de tránsito cavernario, los espacios seleccionados, la visibilidad y aforo. La metodología propuesta se ha aplicado a ocho cavidades -Covaciella, Chufín, El Linar, Las Chimeneas, Las Monedas, La Pasiega, Covalanas y Pondra-. Los análisis nos han permitido documentar la existencia de una planificación basada en el posicionamiento de las figuras. En la Región Cantábrica se seleccionaron preferentemente espacios que dan cabida a individuos o grupos de pequeño tamaño aunque también existen áreas que potencialmente podrían haber albergado grupos de más de veinte personas. Además, hemos observado diferencias de carácter cronológico. Éstas pueden indicar funciones, usos y significados diferentes del arte parietal a lo largo del Paleolítico superior.

Cette monographie porte sur l'étude d'un établissement portuaire (Bey-144), qui a fait l'objet d'une fouille de sauvetage à Beyrouth en 2003. Elle comprend un essai d'interprétation des vestiges architecturaux et stratigraphiques du site ainsi qu'une étude du matériel céramique qui en provient, dans une fourchette chronologique qui s'étend de la fin de la période perse/ début de l'époque hellénistique à l'arrivée des Romains dans la région. L'intérêt de ce travail réside dans son apport à l'histoire et à l'archéologie de Beyrouth et dans les perspectives de recherches qu'il permet de livrer aujourd'hui sur plusieurs aspects politiques, économiques et socio-culturels de la cité et sur sa place dans les réseaux levantins et méditerranéens.This monograph investigates Bey-144, a site located in the harbour area of Beirut that underwent a rescue excavation in 2003. It includes a study of its architectural remains and its stratigraphy, as well as a comprehensive catalogue of the ceramic assemblage that came from the site, with a chronological range that extends from the end of the Persian/beginning of the Hellenistic period until the rise of the Roman era. The interest of this work resides in its contribution to the archaeology and the history of Beirut, and in the research perspectives it yields on several political, economic and socio-cultural aspects of the city and its place in the Levantine and Mediterranean networks.

Il libro prende le mosse dall'utilizzo integrato delle geotecnologie applicate all'Archeologia dei Paesaggi, al fine di fornire una ricostruzione della strada romana Catania-Agrigento, con un'enfasi particolare sul sito di Sofiana (probabilmente la mansio Philosophianis citata nell'Itinerarium Antonini) ed il territorio ad esso pertinente. I risultati del presente lavoro suggeriscono che la strada possa essere stata costruita in età Augustea, probabilmente nell'ambito della riorganizzazione della Provincia voluta da Augusto all'indomani della sua vittoria su Sesto Pompeo. Da questa prospettiva, insediamenti protourbani come quello di Philosophiana, la cui cultura materiale mostra un grande afflusso di prodotti provenienti dall'Africa e dal Mediterraneo orientale, potrebbero essere visti sotto una nuova luce, come parte di un programma più ampio basato su nuove esigenze politiche e di scambio. Ciò potrebbe anche, in parte, spiegare il declino di alcuni centri come quello di Morgantina ed il sorgerne di nuovi come quello di Philosophiana.This book focuses on the integrated application of geotechnologies and landscape archaeology to the goal of providing a reconstruction of the Roman road that connected Catania and Agrigento, with an emphasis on the central site of Sofiana (probably the mansio Philosophianis cited in the Antonine Itinerary) and its hinterland. The results of this study suggest that the road was built in the Augustan age, probably in the context of the reorganization of the Province undertaken by Augustus after his victory against Sextus Pompey. From this perspective, urban-type settlements such as Philosophiana, the material culture of which shows an intensive supply of products from Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean, should probably be seen in a more nuanced light, as part of a larger programme based on new trade and political needs. This may also partly explain the demise of some settlements, such as Morgantina, and the rise of others, such as Philosophiana.