Böcker i British Archaeological Reports International Series-serien

Il Museo Egizio di Firenze possiede una delle più importanti collezioni di Ushabti d'Italia e d'Europa. La collezione consta di circa ottocento ushabti, in origine afferenti a diverse collezioni: Granducale, Nizzoli, Rosellini, Ricci, Schiaparelli. Altre raccolte minori afferiscono a differenti acquisizioni effettuate tra il 19° e il 20°. Il corpus di ushabti del Museo Egizio di Firenze è databile dal Secondo Periodo Intermedio fino all'Epoca Romana. Dal 2008 il "progetto ushabti" del Centro Studi di Egittologia e Civiltà Copta "J.F.Champollion" di Genova, in collaborazione con il Museo Egizio di Firenze, ha avviato uno studio completo dei reperti e la pubblicazione di un nuovo catalogo della collezione di ushabti. Questo secondo volume del catalogo conclude lo studio dei pezzi databili al Nuovo Regno: una raccolta di 128 schede relative agli ushabti e ai loro contenitori. Il volume si compone della simbologia ed abbreviazioni, delle schede, dell'apparato fotografico e di indici e bibliografia quali utili riferimenti finali. The Egyptian Museum of Florence has one of most important Ushabti collections in Italy, and in Europe as a whole. The collection contains around eight hundred ushabtis that originally belonged to different collections: Granducale, Nizzoli, Rosellini, Ricci and Schiaparelli. Other smaller groups contain objects of various origin, collected in the 19th and 20th centuries. The ushabtis in the museum at Florence date from the end of the Second Intermediate and Roman Period. Since the 'Ushabti Project' was started in 2008, the 'J.F. Champollion' Centre for Egyptology and Coptic Civilization Studies of Genoa, in cooperation with the Egyptian Museum of Florence, has been involved in a complete study and scientific publication of a new catalogue presenting the Ushabti collection. The catalogue is divided into several volumes, providing a complete documentation of the Florence ushabti collection. This second volume of the catalogue concludes the study of artefacts dating to the New Kingdom: a collection of 128 records pertaining to funerary statues and their boxes. The volume contains the abbreviations and textual codes, the records, a photographic section, a useful index and a bibliography. Catalogo degli Ushabti del Museo Egizio di Firenze, Volume I: II Periodo Intermedio - Nuovo Regno (Prima Parte) contains a general introduction about the history of the collection, the abbreviations and textual codes, the records, a photographic section, an index and a bibliography (BAR Publishing, S2828, 9781407314884, 2016).

Questo libro è una raccolta di 10 saggi su vari temi di archeologia e museologia della Sicilia sud-orientale. I primi quattro capitoli sono incentrati su problematiche relative a musei, Patrimonio Culturale e paesaggio, e su alcuni aspetti poco noti concernenti la formazione e la personalità di alcuni celebri studiosi ed intellettuali del territorio siracusano. I rimanenti sei saggi riguardano temi di archeologia e topografia antica: le emergenze archeologiche gravitanti intorno alla Riserva Naturale Integrale Grotta Monello; nuove osservazioni di carattere storico sul santuario rupestre di Cibele ad Akrai; i rapporti tra Indigeni e Greci nell'entroterra siracusano sulla base delle nuove indagini archeologiche nei siti di Cugno Case Vecchie, Causeria e Olivella; l'analisi delle tipologie, funzioni e caratteristiche delle tombe monumentali paleocristiane a baldacchino e delle chiese rupestri medievali con iconostasi; lo studio e la valorizzazione dei castelli medievali della Sicilia sud-orientale.This book is a collection of 10 papers on Archaeology and Museology issues in south-eastern Sicily. Two papers are focused on issues related to museums, cultural heritage and landscape, and two present some notable aspects of the cultural education and personality of famous scholars and intellectuals of Syracuse. The remaining six papers are related to the archaeology and ancient topography of the Hyblean plateau: the archaeological discoveries in the Riserva Naturale Integrale Grotta Monello; new chronological observations on the rock sanctuary of Cybele in Akrai; relations between Greek and indigenous archaeological sites in the territory of Syracuse, on the basis of new archaeological surveys in the sites of Cugno Case Vecchie, Causeria and Olivella; an analysis of the typologies, functions and characteristics of early Christian monumental canopy tombs and medieval rock churches with iconostasis; and the study and valorization of the medieval castles of south-eastern Sicily.With contributions by Ray Bondin, Franco Dell'Aquila, Iorga Ivano Prato and Paolo Daniele Scirpo and preface by Lorenzo Guzzardi

This book represents the final report on the field work carried out in 2008 and 2009 by the Iranian-Italian Joint Archaeological Mission at the archaeological site of Persepolis West, where parts of the town adjacent to the well-known Achaemenid monumental terrace of Persepolis have been located. The eleven trial trenches excavated in areas indicated by the results of Iranian and Iranian-French geophysical surveys represent the first stratigraphic excavations ever carried out on this site, the dating of which is supported by a rich series of radiocarbon datings. Illustration of the excavations is preceded by an accurate geophysical study of the topographical context and accompanied by a detailed and richly illustrated analysis of pottery and other finds: the safe stratigraphic context makes these finds a particularly important source of evidence for our knowledge of the ceramics of Fars during the historic pre-Islamic age. The excavations largely confirm the location of the built-up area of Parsa indicated by geophysical surveys.

Sardinia preserves an exceptional record of its Final Neolithic and Copper Age cultures, with a diverse crafts repertory, henges and dolmens, statue-menhirs, chamber tombs - and the only known ziggurat in Europe. The present study provides a synthesis in English for a scholarly readership interested in Mediterranean adaptations during this earliest period of metallurgy. As elsewhere, the infusion of metallurgy had profound implications, as island cultures underwent a series of transformations tied directly or indirectly to it. Spanning two millennia, these changes are studied in terms of material cultures known as Ozieri, Sub-Ozieri, Filigosa-Abealzu, Monte Claro and Bell Beaker. A more overarching finding from this review is the periodic engagement between these cultures and geographically distant ones. Such punctuations of the insular condition had long-lasting effects on local expression, and some thoughts on how this might contribute to understandings of concepts like identity formation are presented by way of a conclusion.

Petits échanges en familleLa culture Blicquy/Villeneuve-Saint-Germain marque la fin des traditions danubiennes (Néolithique ancien) dans le nord de la France et en Belgique. Les onze sites étudiés sont localisés en Belgique. Deux aires d'implantation, distantes d'une centaine de km sont distinguées (en Hainaut et en Hesbaye). La mise en œuvre d'une analyse techno-économique de l'industrie lithique blicquienne visait à répondre à un double objectif: restituer l'organisation socio-économique de la production lithique et les relations entretenues entre les différentes zones de peuplement de cette culture. Cette étude souligne la structure duale de la production lithique et suggère une spécialisation intra- voire intercommunautaire de cette production laminaire. L'étude de la diffusion des matières premières illustre l'intensité des relations entre les villages, impliquant fréquemment le déplacement de tailleurs. Ce travail souligne à nouveau l'importance des échanges dans la vie socio-économique de ces premières communautés agro-pastorales.In the north of France and Belgium, the Blicquy/Villeneuve-Saint-Germain culture marks the end of the Danube traditions (Early Neolithic Period). The eleven sites studied are all found in Belgium. Two settlement areas, separated by 100 km, are highlighted (in Hainaut and in Hesbaye). The author has performed an analysis of the technical and economical characteristics of the Blicquian lithic industry, in order to describe the socio-economic organisation relating to lithic production as well as the relationships between the different settlement areas of this culture. The study concludes that there were two distinct types of production and suggests some kind of specialisation in the laminar production in the community, or even among several communities. The study of the diffusion networks of siliceous raw materials illustrates the intensity of relations between villages, often involving the movement of knappers, demonstrating further the importance of exchanges for the socio-economical welfare of those agro-pastoral communities.

First in a series of titles dedicated to a thorough archaeological investigation of the islands of the Adriatic. This book explores and catalogues sites on the island of Hvar which range in date from the period of Greek colonisation, through the Roman to the early medieval period.Written by Vincent Gaffney, Branko Kirigin, Marinko Petric and Nikša Vujnovic with a commentary on the classical sources for the island by Slobodan Cace

This book started its life as a study of people travelling between England and Rome from the Augustinian Mission until the close of the Anglo-Saxon period but that proved to be too limiting a subject, for two reasons. One was that so much of the evidence about how people travelled around lay in continental sources and it seemed foolish to ignore it simply as a matter of principle. The second is that the means by which people travelled proved to be so exhaustive a study that it led into all kinds of by-ways: accommodation, money carrying and changing, safety, language and a whole range of human problems that still exist in modern travel but are more easily solved for the traveller, usually by other people. It was not enough to catalogue the travellers: the question turned to, how did they manage to do it before the days of organised mass travel in the high middle ages? The later centuries have been better studied, but the earlier ones have not. The result is thus something of a hybrid: more than a study of English sources alone, but less than a study of the whole of European travel. The theme is primarily the north-south routes that converged on the Alps and joined the north of Europe to Italy. Where appropriate, the author has confined his evidence to material from England, that is, to those people who made the journey and their motives, the timing and duration of their journeys, and the routes that they followed. Elsewhere, in sections which address the mechanics of travel, he has widened the range of sources, to include material from all Anglo-Saxon sources irrespective of where the journey was made, provided that it was compatible with a journey to Rome. The author has also adopted some contemporary foreign parallels where Continental experience would match English, thus including material ranging from Gregory of Tours at the beginning of our period, and Albert of Stade, some time after the end. In including these additional sources the author has tried to throw light on the problems of travellers to and from England rather than provide what would be an inadequate description of the whole of continental travel.

An in-depth study of man's impact on the environment and landscape of the Maltese islands from the Neolithic to Medieval times.

South American Archaeology Series No.5

This work explores the interrelationship between humans and plants within the Princess Point culture. Princess Point is the archaeological cultural context in which a shift from an economy based on foraging to one that incorporated horticulture occurred in what is now southern Ontario. The earliest dates for evidence of corn horticulture in Ontario are from the Princess Point period (ca. 1570 to 970 B.P.). The basis of this study of the Princess Point is to explore the origins of agriculture, together with plant use generally in southern Ontario, and to gain a better understanding of a time when people were changing their subsistence pattern from one based on wild plant resources during the Middle Woodland to one that incorporated crops. Contents: Chapter One: Introduction; Chapter Two: Princess Point; Chapter Three: Plant Evidence: Sampling and Methods; Chapter Four: Identification and Quantification of Plant Remains; Chapter Five: Princess Point Plant Use; Chapter Six: Discussion and Conclusions.

An in-depth study of lesions of muscle insertion sites on bone (enthesopathies) in recent and fossilised human skeletons. The work contributes to the field of anthropology in three ways. The author presents a new method of scoring enthesopathies that takes into account variation in muscle attachment site histology and morphology with a system that may well become the new standard for studying enthesopathies in prehistoric and recent populations. Second, the author provides an exhaustive analysis of enthesopathies in three large skeletal series (from Portugal, England and Italy) of individuals of known occupation. This section provides the first controlled comparative documentation of the relationship between activity and enthesopathies, and contributes greatly to the understanding of which muscle attachment sites best reflect activity levels and patterns in individuals, and which types of activity are most likely to contribute to variation in the severity of enthesopathies. Finally, the study describes the results when the new methods are applied to European Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene fossil humans.

A study of the development patterns of grinding and milling techniques in the Near East and Eastern Mediterranean (III-I millennia BC).

The present study aims to define the function and meaning of images of horsemen and horse leaders on Attic grave and votive reliefs in the religious, political and social context of Attica in the fifth and fourth century B.C. The funerary reliefs are examined within the context of the socio-political development of the image and mentality of the equestrians. Beyond their social and religious dimensions, these reliefs convey the anthropological dimension of death and illustrate positive social roles and ideals. The image of the horseman is signified semantically and generalized to represent the body of citizens collectively on the basis of the ideal of Athenian citizenship as formulated by the city-state and accepted by the Athenian citizens. The image ofthe horse is herein revealed as a special semiotic and iconographical element of Attic imagery which can be fully understood only when examined within its operational context. Therefore, it may serve to designate public space, represent democratic valuesand ideals of both the polis and of conflicting social groups, display the integration of horsemen in Athenian citizenship, or indicate particular religious beliefs of hero cult.

The concept of this work is an intercultural comparison between the Early Bronze Age 'princely burials' of the south English Wessex Culture and the central European Aunjetitz Culture concerning the recognizable conventions of social status representation. The comparative study aims to review the hypothesis of a direct cultural relationship between the 'princely burials' of both cultures or to follow up the question, whether the appearance of such graves can be seen as an analogous or homologous cultural development. The main chapter deals with the identification, interpretation und comparison of conventions of status representation. Thereby all forms of expression that prehistoric societies used to denote high social rank in their burial customs were examined. The conclusion is that the Early Bronze Age elite burials in both regions seem to be a phenomenon that emerged because of socio-structural changes. Both cultures reacted similarly to changes that occurred around the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, but each in their specific cultural context. The idea to build splendour graves did not travel either from the Wessex region to the Middle Elbe-Saale region or vice versa. Rather, similar social preconditions evolved during the same time in both areas.

Il progetto di ricerca oggetto del presente lavoro è stato intrapreso con l'obiettivo di approfondire le conoscenze sui modi di vita dei gruppi preistorici nel territorio del Mont Fallère (Saint-Pierre, Valle d'Aosta, Italia) e tracciare le principali tappe della storia ambientale olocenica dell'area. Si tratta di un lavoro a carattere multidisciplinare che mette in relazione dati archeologici e ambientali ottenuti tramite prospezioni territoriali, scavi archeologici, analisi dell'industria litica, datazioni radiocarboniche, carotaggi palinologici, analisi fisico-chimiche dei sedimenti, indagini geologiche e geomorfologiche. Lo studio evidenzia la frequentazione dell'area da parte dei gruppi di cacciatori-raccoglitori mesolitici, oltre all'attestazione delle prime forme di transumanza verticale a partire dal IV millennio a.C., durante l'età del Rame. Attraverso un approccio diacronico, preceduto da un'accurata fase di progettazione e riflessione metodologica, si è cercato di mettere in evidenza l'evoluzione del rapporto uomo-ambiente in questo settore alpino durante la preistoria.The aim of the research project here presented was to investigate prehistoric occupations in the Mont Fallère district (Saint-Pierre, Valle d'Aosta, Italy) and to reconstruct the main phases of the Holocene environmental history of the area. It is a multidisciplinary work that presents archaeological and environmental data obtained through surveys, archaeological excavations, lithic industry analyses, radiocarbon dates, palynological samplings, physical and chemical soil analyses, and geological and geomorphological studies. The research highlighted the fact that the area was settled by Mesolithic hunter-gatherer groups, but it also yielded evidence of the vertical transhumance practices that occurred during the Copper Age (4th millennium BC). By adopting a diachronic approach, preceded by a careful methodological reflection, the authors reconstruct the evolution of the relationship between human occupation and environmental evolution during prehistory for this alpine district.

This book argues that the use of sail as a complement to paddling would have formed an integral part of the development of centres of power in the early Scandinavian Bronze Age, permitting more frequent communication, and thus helping to expand, maintain and control power. This argument stands in sharp contrast to the current belief that the introduction of the sail in the North occurred between the 7th or 8th and the 10th centuries AD. This reassessment of the potential timing and development in the use of the sail derives mainly from an examination of the Bronze Age rock art (c. 1800-500 BC) in southern Scandinavia containing imagery of boats with attributes that can be interpreted as masts and sails, in combination with experimental sail trials in Bronze Age type boats, and using early sailing in ancient Egypt and Oceania as a backdrop.

Understanding the impacts of the emergence of hereditary social inequality in human societies is one of the fundamental questions in archaeology. This book is one case study examining the transitions in craft apprenticeship of formed lithic tools among the precontact Coast Salish of the Pacific Northwest Coast as hereditary social inequality emerged. According to cultural transmission theory, the emergence of large plank house villages and hereditary social inequality would result in the restriction of craft knowledge, and was predicted to reduce the stylistic and fine scale metric variation of formed lithic tools. High resolution metric and stylistic analyses were performed, controlling for material quality, tool retouch and sample size effects. Stylistic variation in lithics and assemblage heterogeneity suggests that lithic craft knowledge became increasingly restricted through time, with the emergence of large sedentary populations.

Questo volume è una sintesi dei sistemi di gestione degli strumenti in pietra non scheggiata di tre siti chiave della Cultura dei vasi a bocca quadrata dell'Italia nord-orientale. Gli strumenti sono stati studiati mediante un approccio integrato basato su morfologia, tecnologia, analisi delle tracce d'uso e sperimentazione. Il complesso dei materiali è stato suddiviso nelle seguenti categorie: strumenti per macinare, strumenti per levigare/lisciare, strumenti da taglio, strumenti percussori e strumenti multifunzionali. Le materie prime includono rocce di provenienza locale, regionale e alloctona. Le litologie locali e regionali sono state sfruttate ponendo attenzione alla morfologia e alle dimensioni dei blocchi; soltanto le macine e i macinelli presentano tracce di lavorazione prodotte dalla martellinatura e dal ravvivamento della superficie attiva. Più complessa, e probabilmente solo parzialmente realizzata in loco, era la produzione mediante scheggiatura, bocciardatura, levigatura e periodica riaffilatura della lame d'ascia ottenute da pietre verdi di origine alloctona. I risultati dell'analisi delle tracce d'uso e della sperimentazione mostrano un largo spettro di sostanze trattate per la produzione alimentare e per attività artigianali, in accordo con il consolidamento dell'economia produttiva.This volume is a synthesis of the management systems of the macrolithic tools from three key Square Mouthed Pottery Culture sites located in Northeastern Italy. The tools were examined with an integrated approach that involves morphology, technology, use-wear analysis and experiments. The stone assemblages are classified into the following categories: tools for grinding, tools for abrading/polishing, tools for cutting, percussion tools and multifunctional implements. The raw materials include local, regional and allocthonous rocks. Local and regional rocks were exploited with attention to the morphology and size of the blocks; only querns and handstones present working traces via pecking and the rejuvenation of the active surface. More complex, and probably only partially done locally, was the production by flaking, pecking, polishing and periodic resharpening of the axe blades made of allocthonous greenstones. The results of the use-wear analysis and experiments show a wide range of substances used for food and craft tasks, according to the consolidation of the productive economy.

Section 10: Âge du Cuivre au Proche Orient et en Europe / Copper Age in the Near East and EuropeColloque / Symposium C 10.2The main emphasis of this book is water and its importance in prehistoric societies, and it looks at how people in the period from the Chalcolithic to the Early Bronze Age exploited water in various ways. This ranges from the large scale utilisation of water for agricultural purposes, down to the design of bowls, materials and decorative figures. The study gives a broad outline of the cultural and physical impact of water upon societies during this period, and goes so far as to define water as a central element for the study of ancient societies. The argument is that as civilisation progressed out of the Neolithic, people gained a better control of wetlands and were able to colonise river valleys and drain marshes. The study begins by investigating the Neolithic in Mesopotamia and the Chalcolithic in the Balkans, stating how society had gained a developed management of water on different levels, and this is indicated by the design of settlements, houses and objects. The importance of water as a major influence over settlement patterns is shown in terms of water as a resource, but also as a means of communication and as a defensive barrier. Technological improvements relating to the collection, movement, storage, and usage of water are investigated in depth. These advances offered man a greater level of control over his environment, and allowed the control of seasonal flooding in the Near East, and more intensive agriculture in Temperate areas of Europe. Water trade routes from the Neolithic were still used in the Chalcolithic and the Bronze Age, but many other trade routes grew up as shipbuilding developed, with the cultures of Greece and Mesopotamia becoming seafarers. The study of certain objects such as figurines and temple offerings show that cultures considered the collection and storage of water to have a great importance, and attached ritual values to these practices. Often, owing to the importance of water in their lives, people would worship the springs and other water sources associated with their settlements. Some of the papers in this study infer that these primitive religions were based upon the fertility values of water in their society. For instance, in the Balkans many container vessels are in the shape of the female body, linking these to a fertility cult of water. However the main theme of this book is to look at the archaeology of water exploitation strategies, both on the macro and the micro-level.

This volume has been produced by the European Association of Archaeologists (EAA) as a result of the contributions presented by different authors during the sessions held under the general heading of 'Architectural Archaeology' in Lisbon (Portugal) in 2000, and in Esslingen (Germany) in 2001. Archaeotecture: Archaeology of Architecture is a compilation of the majority of the papers presented during these sessions, organised according to their subjects or the chronological periods they cover. All nineteen papers share a common factor: the study of constructions and architectonic spaces, analysed from an archaeological perspective. One of the aims of this volume was to gather together the different analyses that have been carried out into all types of architecture, regardless of their chronology or type. The studies gathered in this volume cover a chronological period that starts with Prehistory and continues to the present day, concentrating equally on the analysis of wooden archaeological structures and monumental architecture built in stone. Another of the objectives of these sessions was to demonstrate that investigation and management are two inseparable elements within the study of heritage constructions, as demonstrated by some of the studies included that discuss the application of Architectural Archaeology in Heritage Management. Although this volume is not a compendium of all of the theoretical and methodological approximations, perspectives and proposals in use today in Architectural Archaeology, it does offer a detailed description of the different types of projects that have been carried out in Europe in recent years.

An analysis of the monument in Tunisia and its possible connection with the battle waged between Hannibal and Scipio in 202BCIn the remote countryside of north-central Tunisia, between the cities of Siliana and Le Kef, stands a ruined stone structure known as Kbor Klib. A thorough examination of North African archaeological documentation reveals that the monument has over the years been the subject of a variety of descriptions, discussions and investigations. In this study, the author looks afresh at the archaeological and historical evidence of the site and its environs, and the intriguing possibility that the structure is associated with the Roman North African occupation in general, and the famous battle of Zama in 202 BC between Hannibal and Scipio in particular.

Lampeter Workshop in Archaeology 3Collection of papers of which majority were first presented at the Third Lampeter Workshop in Archaeology in September 2000. A wide range of issues relating to archaeology in higher education is dicussed. The aim of the volume was to intervene in the current discussion of the teaching of archaeology in higher education, emphasising the complexity of the matter, and the need to subject all proposed measures to critical analysis and scrutiny and further to send the message that teaching of archaeology in higher education is a matter worth discussing seriously in academic debates and sessions.

Detailed and Revised Chronology of the Eponyms Dating Rhodian Amphora Stamps from circa 270 to 180 BC' is a detailed analysis of the chronology of Rhodian amphorae stamps. The research was then applied by the author to the large amount of material unearthed in the course of excavations in the Southern Levant, primarily today Israel and the Autonomous Palestinian territories. An accurate analysis of relevant finds, accounting for about 95% of amphorae stamps of the Hellenistic period, was a prerequisite for the understanding of the chronological development of the settlement and history of the region.

This study addresses some of the gaps in our knowledge concerning early human occupation in the Vercours mountains to the south-west of Grenoble in southern France.

The field of Islamic archaeology in Morocco has grown substantially during the last two decades. The establishment of the Institut National des Sciences de l'Archéologie et du Patrimoine (INSAP) in Rabat, and its collaboration with archaeological teams from different parts of the world infused the field with new ideas and energy. This monograph is a result of such collaboration. This book builds on the results of recent archaeological investigations in northern Morocco. Archaeological research in northern Morocco was designed to test ideas about state formation and urban growth during the Islamic period. Based on the Boone et al. model, this study examines the material impact of changing political economies on settlement systems in northern Morocco from the ninth to the fifteenth centuries A.D.

Volume I: Introduction and Overview.Excavations at Siyana Ulya, Khirbet Shireena, Khirbet Karhasan, Seh Qubba, Tell Gir Matbakh and Tell Shelgiyya, and other recorded sitesWith a forward by Michael Roaf (and with contributions by Stuart Campbell, Susan Gill, Anthony Green, Marion Pagan, St John Simpson, and David Tucker), Warwick Ball reports on the 1985-86 excavations by the British Archaeological Expedition to Iraq in the Saddam Dam Salvage Project. The area under British investigation lay on the right bank of the Tigris approximately 100 km northwest of Mosul, in the Zammar sub-governorate (nahiya) of Nineveh Province. This volume contains an overview of the settlement sequence of the Zammar region (from 7th millennium BC), as well as the excavation reports of Siyana Ulya, Khirbet Shireena, She Qubba, Khirbet Karhasan, Tell Gir Matbakh, Tell Shelgiyya, and surveys of 28 other locations. A second volume will deal with the site of Tell Abu Dhahir and future publications are planned to present the pottery and specialist reports. The detailed record presented here is the first stage in making available the results of these investigations which will gain their full significance when the volumes dealing with the ceramics and other finds are released.

This work relates to a wide study of 3rd-5th centuries-AD masculine metal objects found in various Roman contexts around the Black Sea and beyond. Collections of Bulgarian, Romanian, Greek, Turkish and Crimean provenance are analysed. The book's first part relates to the finds. Catalogues are classified by type, region and context, and a separate section considers the iconography. The second part provides a synthesis of relevant documentation, including chronological and geographical data. The final section presents further comparative analyses, including a section on social status.

This work examines patterns of taxonomic utilization from a wide range of sites from different geographic regions and through several thousand years in order to contribute to an eventual understanding of the mechanisms by which disparate regional societies were subsumed into the unified Egyptian 'state.' An examination of the relative adaptability of cattle, sheep, goat, and pigs is fundamental to understanding the choices by humans for exploiting a particular species or its products in a given area. A predictive model was developed based on issues of economic and social production among modern societies utilizing these same domesticated taxa under similar environmental conditions. Five strategies were identified: nomadic pastoralism, semi-nomadic pastoralism, transhumance, agro-pastoralism, and ranching. Contrary to previous interpretations, pigs were shown to be well adapted to utilization by sedentary populations in both the southern Valley and northern Delta regions. The methods for the investigationof alternatives of social and economic production and intensification were closely linked to zooarchaeological analysis. However, in addition, faunal inferences were supplemented with evidence such as artistic depictions, Egyptian texts, and literature.

This book examines the evidence for the performance of ancestor veneration in LH III Greece with emphasis placed mainly on the data from the typical Mycenaean tomb types, i.e. tholos and chamber tombs, excavated in the central areas of the Mycenaean dominion, viz. the Argolid, Korinthia, Attica, Boeotia and Euboea, during the acme of Mycenaean civilisation, i.e. the LH IIIA-B period (ca.1425/1390-1190/1180 BC). Through a thorough examination of the available archaeological material, namely the products of controlled archaeological excavation (architecture, pottery and ritual remains), the iconographical evidence and Linear B documents, this study aims to assess and challenge assumptions, which amount to prejudices relegating the cult of the dead as a disreputable and taboo subject. It is argued that for the Mycenaeans the ancestors were not simply motionless and decomposing livid bodies, but spiritual entities considered to dwell in a sphere between the human and the sacred, invoked to provide benefits and placated with sacred rituals and offerings to ensure the well-being of the living community. The primary objective of the study is not only to illuminate 'obscure' aspects of Mycenaean religious and eschatological beliefs, but also to document the diversity of repeated diagnostic indicators of symbolic value appropriate for the recognition and study of rites performed in honour of the venerated ancestors in LH III times.

From the beginning to the Hellenistic period.Collections of the Israel Antiquities AuthorityIn the course of the past century, excavations in Palestine have turned up large numbers of oil lamps. This first volume in a planned catalogue raisonné, summarizes the typological development of Palestinian oil lamps from the earliest such items of the Late Chalcolithic period onward, and their historical, cultural, and political contexts. The abundance and great variety of the material make this, a difficult undertaking - particularly for the oil lamps of the earlier periods dealt with in the present volume. Detailed descriptions of many items in the collections of the Israel Antiquities Authority, as well as of recorded oil lamps from other sites and neighboring regions, serve here as a basis for generalizations and conclusions.