Böcker i British Archaeological Reports International Series-serien

Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 71The Tubus are a diversified pastoral nomadic people who speak two very similar dialects and form a single cultural community, extending from the Fezzan and the Kufra oasis in Southern Lybia, to the Tibesti and Ennedi mountains, to other Saharan and Sahelian territories of the Republic of Tchad, and to the eastern part of the Republic of Niger. The Tubus are now present in territories where Neolithic people left - for many thousands of years - an important number of traces of their life: tools, wall engravings and paintings, and stone monuments of the sort generally defined as 'pre-Islamic'. This study investigates the background, history and culture of these people from their origins to the present day.Photographs by Harry Proto.

This volume is concerned with craft specialization and cultural complexity in prehispanic Andean communities in northwestern Argentina, with particular reference to cultural and social processes in the Ambato Valley (Provincia de Catamarca, Argentina) in the first millennium. The analytical perspective is based on technological processes and labour investment applied to the manufacture of different ceramic wares. The objectives of this study are not only to contribute to the study of social change through the analysis of the technological processes of pottery production, but also to analyze and compare production at two different cultural moments, studying its variability through time, production, distribution, use and discard contexts involved in pottery production. The author begins with an introduction to general and particular objectives, hypothesis and theoretical background to craft production and cultural complexity, social change and craft specialization. Chapter 2 contextualizes chronologically and culturally case studies related to Condorhuasi, Cienaga and Aguada. Chapters 3 and 4 present the archaeological sites and the results obtained in relation to the pottery technology. Chapter 5 centres on specific analysis of labour investment, as one of the theoretical approaches to the study craft specialization. In the final chapter, the author presents her conclusions, linking both craft specialization and social change. Overall, the work is an important contribution to the knowledge of past Andean communities, as well as an original insight into craft specialization and labor-technology change.

This work summarizes a techno-typological analysis of Chalcolithic (c. 4500-3500 B.C.) lithic assemblages from Southern Levant (sites from Israel, the Golan heights, the Jordan valley, Southern and eastern Jordan and eastern and north-eastern Sinai). This period witnessed major changes in the lifestyles of inhabitants in this region, representing the peak of a long development in the rural life, a process that started with first Neolithic villages and ended up in the Early Bronze Age period, with the establishment of first towns. All accessible assemblages dated to the above mentioned period have been studied in the laboratory. More than 200,000 flint artefacts were included in this work, among them c. 20,000 tools, the rest being equally divided between debris and débitage.

Proceedings of a workshop at Ghent University (Belgium) November 28, 2006

A selection of some of the papers presented at two international workshops: Women and Maintenance activities in times of change and Interpreting household practices: reflections on the social and cultural roles of maintenance activities, which were held in Barcelona in November 2005 and November 2007. These two workshops were co-organised by the Centre d'Estudis del Patrimoni Arqueològic de la Prehistòria-CEPAP (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain) and by the Departament d'Humanitats (Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain).

This book includes papers from the session 'Non-Flint Raw Material Use in Prehistory: Old prejudices and new directions' (Vol. 11, Session C77) presented at the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006).

This study discusses the results of archaeobotanical studies carried out in Bulgaria over the last five years, with a special focus on the archaeobotanical finds from 36 prehistoric sites from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age.

This research looks at the processes that led to the profound transformation of the Roman world between the 3rd and 7th century AD. By concentrating on archaeozoology this study provides information on socio-economic evolution during Antiquity and the Merovingian period in Northern Gaul. In particular, the economic aspects related to the production, distribution, and consumption of animal resources are studied. This archaeozoological study is based on a corpus of 106,486 faunal remains. Using an interdisciplinary approach, the geographical framework of the region investigated, the climatic conditions over time, and the changing regional landscape are all assessed.

Notebooks on Military Archaeology and Architecture 6This work presents a preliminary report on some new studies in the field of Italian Postmedieval Archaeology. The first part refines the definition of Military Archaeology, sketched by the author in BAR S1920, 2009, Pietralunga 1744, with a studied review from the Classical to Postmedieval periods. The second part, The Stones of the King, presents the main features relating to the archaeology of field-fortifications along the western alpine frontier of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, in the second half of the 17th and the 18th century. Accordingly, part one includes the historical development of that particular alpine frontier region and its permanent (or temporary) fortifications; subsequently the text illustrates alternative research studies on 18th-century field-fortifications, while the concluding part proposes a preliminary classification of the main features of field-fortifications, with several examples and illustrations from the western Alpine territory.

The Rise and Growth of an Urban Community (facsimile of a 1977 Oxford doctoral thesis).

The Archaeology of Semiotics and the social order of things is edited by George Nash and George Children and brings together 15 thought-provoking chapters from contributors around the world. A sequel to an earlier volume published in 1997, it tackles the problem of understanding how complex communities interact with landscape and shows how the rules concerning landscape constitute a recognised and readable grammar. The mechanisms underlying landscape grammar are both physical and mental, being based in part on the mindset of the individual; the same landscape can thus evoke different meanings for different people and at different times. People's perception has greatly influenced the construction of landscapes over millennia but, until recently, the potential of this area has been largely untapped. Apart from chapters focusing solely upon human interaction with landscape, there are several which skilfully integrate artefacts and place with landscape (e.g. Gheorghiu and Sognnes). Other chapters look at the way people have marked the landscape through such mechanisms as rock-art (e.g. Clegg, Devereux, Estévez, Fossati, Kelleher and Skier). Rock-art establishes personal and communal identity in relation to landscape and it is clear that other forms of visual expression were in place which distinctively created special places within the landscape. Landscape constructs can bind cultures together; bringing the old ways of reading the landscape into contemporary life (e.g. Smiseth). Defining early and late prehistoric landscapes and segregating these into, say, mundane domestic and ritualised spaces rely on both clear and subtle archaeologies and in this volume distinct monument clustering and ritualised linearity are considered (e.g. Mason and Nash). A volume such as this cannot escape the influence of New World approaches, such as anthropology, and in many respects chapters by Bender, Muller and Merritt give context to other chapters within the book. Finally, one must consider text as a means of constructing landscape and this is considered by Heyd, who eloquently deconstructs the travel diary of a 17th century Japanese poet. This will be an important volume for archaeologists, landscape scholars and students. The many approaches used are tried and tested, forming an invaluable resource and not just another edited book.

In 1717 A.D., the Caribou Inuit of the Kivalliq, Nunavut were introduced to the Fur Trade through the Hudson Bay Company. It has been previously posited that between that time and 1900 A.D., the Caribou Inuit were drawn out of a traditional subsistence pattern and into an economy that was a part of a world system. However, the actual process of how trade goods and technologies were incorporated into Caribou Inuit society by the Caribou Inuit themselves has received little attention. Using a combination of archaeology, archival history, and oral history to examine the profiles of specific individuals, this report demonstrates the importance of Caribou Inuit families that acted as intermediaries between their culture and European trade in the process of Caribou Inuit economic transition during the early historic period.

A new study of 'The Fair Stone', defining jade, its nature, virtues, deposits and carving techniques according to ancient Chinese texts. Analysis of ancient sources with a critical mind may supplement archaeological finds and modern scientific studies, but others still present scholars with quite a few riddles, such as metal jade carving implements. This study attempts to provide an analysis of the multifaceted meanings, connotations and echoes of a single word, concept and symbol. It also allows a better grasp of matters of concern for mineralogists and gemmologists: jade's origin and deposits, mining and carving technology. Two appendices include a chart of "jade" producing places according to the Shanhaijing (Books of mountains and seas) and a full translation of Song Yingxing' chapter on jade in the Tiangong kaiwu (Exploitation of the works of Nature). Illustrations draw on reproductions of old Chinese books from the Yuan (1279-1368) to the Republic. Maps in late commentaries to the Classics, geographical monographs on Xinjiang or drawn by the author show jade and abrasive deposits and the "jade road" from Khotan to Xi'an.

The extensive work presented here takes a new look at the prehistoric art preserved on various megalithic monuments from the northwestern Iberian Peninsular. The initial chapters (1-3) deal with the objectives of the study, the history of research of megalithic art in the Iberian Peninsula, and the discussion on the area of study. In chapter 4, the research methodologies applied are described in detail: fieldwork (identification, cataloguing and diagnosis), the analysis of stone and paint samples (including radiocarbon dating), and the systems used for the recording of the images. In chapter 5, the most extensive of the book, each of the megalithic sites studied is described, with special emphasis on the description and recording of megalithic art, its state of preservation and the need for conservation actions that would stop its degradation. Chapter 6 deals with the information obtained on this kind of megalithic art. Chapters 7 and 8 deal with the degradation processes and the proposal for preservation measures, not only for the prehistoric art itself, but also for the megalithic sites. Chapter 9 contains the discussion on the main findings.

This book presents a contextual study of the Famabalasto Negro Grabado pottery of the late period in the Calchaqui Valleys in northwest Argentina, especially in the Yocavil or Santa María Valley in the south of the area. This is an interesting black and polished ceramic that is different from contemporary decorated pottery and comes closer in design to certain special metallic goods made in cast bronze, such as round plates and Santamarians bells or tan-tanes.

The translated title of this work is: "Gotland Picture Stones of the Migration- and Vendel periods as Reflections of the Early Historical Cultural Environment". Gotland has a prominent position within northern Europe due to the quantity and wealth of pre- and early historical evidence. The picture stones of this area are prominent relics of the Scandinavian Iron Age, taking the form of processed limestone monuments of different sizes and designs. Usually, the stones reveal a worked front side carved with various motifs, such as whirling discs, ships and animals. These picture stones date from approximately the first centuries after Christ until after the first millennium and are found on the island of Gotland situated in the Baltic Sea, and politically, part of Sweden. The author focuses on the stones and fragments which can be dated to the Migration- and Vendel period. At the core of the work is the aim to gain an interpretation with the anticipation of making statements about the early historical cultural environment.

This book presents the proceedings of the 'Theory and Method in Archaeology of the Neolithic (7th - 3rd millennium BC)' conference held in Mikulov, Czech Republic, 26th - 28th October 2010.

The Klissoura cave site (Argolid, Greece) is a multi-layered site with layers dating back to the Middle Palaeolithic. In the Aurignacian layer were found concave clay forms which are estimated, by C14 dates, to be 35-37.5 calibrated kyrs BP. In this study the author takes an experimental approach to investigate these important primitive features.

A study of the Neolithic in Macedonia.

South American Archaeology Series No 17Analyses of animal finds and remains from sites around Lago Cardiel, Patagonia.

This research centres on the ideology and socio-economic practices of the communities in the Argolid and the Methana Peninsula (Peloponnese, Greece) that existed during approximately 1200 BC through 900 BC. A thorough examination of mortuary practices, the built environment, ceramic material and metal objects demonstrate that during this transitional period an ideological shift took place alongside complex socio-economic developments. An analysis of the material evidence indicates the active formation of a new ideology and socio-economic practices that privileged the individual and the domestic unit over the larger corporate group. After presenting the geographic and research background for these two regions, the author discusses the concept of the Greek"Dark Ages" and analyses the mortuary evidence and built environment, demonstrating that, following the collapse of the Mycenaean palatial administration, the remaining communities maintained and developed practices that promoted the individual or the domestic unit. Analysis of specific examples from the ceramic material and metal objects dating to this period are used to discuss specific activities, such as production and exchange. Evidence from this data illustrates that these activities had, in all probability, taken place outside the direct control of the Mycenaean palatial administration and continued without substantial interruption throughout this period. This re-appraisal of the material culture dating from the Late Helladic IIIB 2 through Early Geometric period combines new theoretical approaches to collapsed societies and attempts to reconstruct the ideology and socio-economic practices of Iron Age communities in the Argolid and the Methana Peninsula.

The development of settlement in the region between Chiusi and Volterra (northern Etruria, corresponding to the modern territory of Siena), from the Iron Age to the end of the Romanization period (9th-1st century BC), is a much-debated subject among Etruscan archaeologists. This comprehensive study attempts to analyse all the available information on the Etruscan settlements of the area to produce a coherent development model that can be adapted to cover the long time period under consideration.

Excavations at Late Neolithic Toumba Kremastis Koiladas, near the modern town of Kozani in north-western Greece, have yielded one of the largest faunal assemblages of this period from Greece (and probably also from Europe). This assemblage is important not only because of its large size, but also because of the character of the site and the apparently distinctive nature of bone deposition. Although near to a settlement mound or tell, the excavated area from which the assemblage is drawn appears to be of the 'flat/extended' type of site. As such, much of the bone assemblage is derived from clearly defined pits and ditches cut into the bedrock, offering much greater opportunities for contextual analysis than is usually possible on tell sites with complex vertical stratigraphy. Furthermore, the excavator's observation of complete animal skeletons in some pits suggested the possibility of structured deposition of a sort that, though well known from the Aegean Bronze Age, is as yet rare in the Neolithic of Greece. The assemblage studied here thus offers unusually high potential for investigation of patterns of bone deposition and animal consumption and also for exploration of the extent to which these processes may have obscured or distorted the evidence commonly used to infer patterns of animal management and land use. The questions addressed in this book are centred within four main contexts: Types of Neolithic settlements (tells vs. 'flat/extended' sites); The Neolithic household in Greece; Neolithic husbandry regimes in Greece; Scales and contexts of consumption during the Greek Neolithic.

This work examines a group of clay figurines representing porters carrying sacks (saccarii) recovered from Ostia and other harbours. The saccarii were responsible for the loading and unloading of goods from ships to river boats and warehouses. Contextual and iconographic analyses of the statuettes suggest they represented the religious symbol (genius) of the workers' guild (collegium). Their probable location in shrines and niches in streets, taverns and workshops, frequented by saccarii and the heterogeneous community, gives an insight into the exhibition of social identity and religious beliefs through material culture by a group of overlooked workers in Roman Imperial Ostia.

with English abstract

Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of Postgraduate Researchers, The University of Liverpool, 23-25 February 2001The Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology is a conference designed to offer the opportunity to postgraduate students to present their research and discuss ideas and methods in archaeological practice. The success of the conference lies in the diversity and the amalgamation of culture found in this particular part of the world. Furthermore, this symposium is unique in its synthetic character of space and time, and thus allows researchers to promote and demonstrate new lines of thought, theory and methodology. This volume contains 30 papers on the conference's main topics - Surveying; Landscape and Topography; Sacred Space; Symbolic Architecture; Movement and Social Dynamics; Body, Gender and Space; Iconography; Heritage.

This book addresses the relationship between state-managed archaeology and control of the past, with particular attention to the rigid association of administration and identity, i.e. nationalism, as manifest in the nation-state. A critical approach is feasible because the management of archaeology underwater is implicated in the reproduction of two fundamental aspects of the nation-state - territoriality and nationality - by virtue of the frequent location of ancient material underwater on the fringes of territory, and of the inter-'national' character of ancient material of maritime origin. Empirical material is drawn from a comparative analysis of managing archaeology underwater in France, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, the UK and Ireland and from a historical analysis of the development of management in the UK from the mid 1960s to the mid 1970s. The theoretical basis is drawn from Anthony Giddens' work on modernity, structuration and locale.

The aim of this book was to develop a method for analysing the seasonality of the European Oyster, Ostrea edulis. Patterning, in the form of growth breaks or bands in the shell micro-structure, has been shown to occur in other molluscs and has sometimes been used to ascertain the season of gathering for archaeological samples, but until now this has never been attempted on Ostrea edulis. The objective was to apply the method to oysters from Danish shell middens (køkkenmøddinger) in order to obtain information on the season of gathering at these sites. This is a particularly interesting area of Mesolithic studies as it is believed that the Ertebølle culture was a socially complex society of hunter gatherers, living off abundant coastal resources which enabled them to lead a sedentary existence. What is also of major importance is that through objects found, such as pottery and axes, it can be demonstrated that the Ertebølle people had contact with the farmers in the south, and yet agriculture was not adopted for 1000 years. Why such a long time lag exists has fired many debates and oysters have played a significant role in some of these.

This work is an archaeological investigation of the Moche culture of northern Peru (ca. AD 100-800). It is a study of Moche burial patterns and social structure. One of the main objectives of this research was to bring together information available on Moche burials from different settlements and from contexts dating to the Early, Middle, and Late Moche periods as well as the Transitional period. General patterns regarding burial context and energy expenditure are identified. The nature of social status is explored and some general principles of social structure are detailed. Issues regarding funerary rites of passage, delayed burial, grave re-entry, and funerary specialists are also discussed with regard to Moche representation of death.

This study looks at Greece (or the province of Achaia) during the period of Late Roman Antiquity with regards to new evidence, both textual and physical, as well as new archaeological opinion. Kosso is concerned with how Roman colonialism and imperialism affected the conquered Greek economy. This study is particularly interested in how this new information sheds light on the imposed socio-economic patterns in Greece during this period. Kosso looks at evidence for imperial policies from literary sources,and also states how the main basis for economic and social life for Roman citizens was land. Classical rhetoric is looked at, as well as Roman and Greek historians of the time, but more importantly Roman law and tax legislation give an excellent source of evidence for economic, social and agricultural policies. This evidence suggests that the imperial government widely encouraged the cultivation of rural areas, giving special attention and protection to small landholders. Archaeological evidence is used in this study to illustrate the transition in settlement patterns in Achaia during the Late Roman Period. The surveys in this study show how there was a change from large, less-intensely farmed agricultural estates, to smaller, more-intensively farmed isolated farmsteads. This would suggest that land became more widely owned and accessible at this time, with an increase in overall settlement patterns, especially in the rural areas. Kosso states how during this period there was an increase in population, urbanisation, and market demand, but she also states that these would have changed the nature of the Greek countryside only in conjunction with Imperial public policies. The literary evidence of a policy to increase cultivation is backed up by a decentralisation and subsequent intensification of land use. Kosso concludes that in Late Roman Greece, and in the Late Empire as a whole, the government implemented policies that would control elite landowners and local government/officials, but also protect small landowners, discouraging patronage due to its almost slave-like nature. Therefore this study helps us to better understand the connection between the Late Roman Imperial centre and source of legislature, and the surrounding provinces. Fundamentally it can be seen how Late Roman Imperial policy had a major impact on the landscape and demographics of the entire empire.