Böcker i British Archaeological Reports International Series-serien

Monographs of the Sydney University Teleilat Ghassul Project 2This work addresses a number of issues emerging from evidence from Teleilat Ghassul in the south Jordan Valley, incorporating unpublished material from Professor J.B. Hennessy's excavations in 1967, 1975-1977, and new material from Bourke's 1994- present campaigns at the site. These include: A report of the excavated material and architecture from Area E, the 'Sanctuary' precinct; Justification for the 'cultic' attribution of the precinct, and some proposals about the nature of the cult activities and their purpose; The evidence for emerging internal competitive diversity in cult and religious activities at the site, its cause and consequences; Observations on the spatial and temporal place of Teleilat Ghassul, and specifically the Sanctuary, in the broader Chalcolithic and pre-state spectrum; The extent to which cult expression reflects a social response to managing crisis, rather than success; The extent to which the evidence supports conventional paradigms about increasing social, economic and technological complexity in pre-state societies, and the value added by the Ghassul evidence to our understanding of Chalcolithic culture and social systems; Analysis of the extent to which the Sanctuary and the broader site can inform the extension of archaeological analysis, to identify the conscious behaviour and evidence of individuals manipulating social and economic circumstances to alter the power relationships in a community; and the degree to which we can extend recent conceptual frameworks in articulating an 'Archaeology of Politics' from pre-literate evidence in cult contexts. Part I presents a full report on the architecture, ceramics and small finds from Area E. The stratigraphy, architecture and phasing of the Sanctuary precinct, including the Sanctuary Courtyard, and the adjacent Industrial Area, reports previously unpublished detail of the excavated remains. This is followed by the ceramics from the Sanctuary precinct, with reference to the Pontifical Biblical Institute material where appropriate and with a broad indication of parallels in the region. The distribution of ceramic forms and wares is presented as the basis of evidence for the unique and specialised nature of the Sanctuary. Objects from the Sanctuary precinct are also presented in a comparable descriptive and statistical format to the ceramics. The architecture of other Chalcolithic sites, cultic and domestic, is discussed in Part II with the aim of drawing conclusions about the function of the Sanctuary, and its relationship with identified comparators at En Gedi and Gilat. Possible links with Mesopotamian, southern Anatolian, Syrian, Egyptian and desert sites are also explored. Part III takes a deliberate context-based approach to cult analysis, drawing together the objects from the Sanctuary Courtyard, Sanctuary Temenos, Industrial Area and Painters Workshop to demonstrate the significance of the components of each assemblage and their relationship to the cult activities. Part III also examines the Ghassul Area E Sanctuary against existing and respected models of cultic criteria and recommends additional criteria to be added to this model. A catalogue of objects from the Sanctuary precinct is presented in the Appendix to emphasise the significance of each assemblage and promote the benefits of context-based publication of objects. Part III draws together current debates and evidence on chronology, environment and economy in the Chalcolithic with specific reference to Ghassul and the Sanctuary, and presents some conclusions about the evidence for risk and crisis, which may have generated the social and political responses by groups and individuals inherent in the Sanctuary evidence. Conclusions in Part IV respond to the aims set out above.

Proceedings of the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon 4-9 September 2006) / Actes du XV Congrès Mondial (Lisbonne 4-9 Septembre 2006) Vol. 9 Session C53This book includes papers from the 'A New Dawn for the Dark Age? Shifting Paradigms in Mediterranean Iron Age Chronology' session (C53) held at the XV UISPP World Congress, September 2006.

The Caspian Steppes have been attracting attention in the focus of many scholars for more than a hundred years, because the steppes that lie between the Lower Volga and the Lower Don regions, and border with the North Caucasus is an area where many cultural traditions formed and developed. Multiethnic and multicultural groups are behind such traditions. The objective of this book is to systematize the dating of Caspian Steppes' sites to different cultures, based on new archaeological sources that have appeared recently as a result of new excavations. The detailed analysis of key features of the burial rite and general categories of the material culture, i.e. grave offerings, provides a possibility to present in Chapter 1 characteristics of archaeological cultures and cultural groups of the Caspian Steppes in the Eneolithic-Middle Bronze Age. Application of the complex method of establishing culture sequence in Chapter 2 is aimed at revealing changes of cultural traditions in the region and establishing their absolute chronology. The database obtained gives grounds to evaluate the ethno-cultural historical process in the region under discussion through models of the economic cycle and production developed by ancient population is presented in Chapter 3. Amongst others, this book is based on the Bronze Age collections from the Eurasian Steppe and the Caucasus of the Archaeology Department of the State Historical Museum in Moscow, and data obtained from the excavation of the Steppe Archaeological Expedition of the State Historical Museum.

This study examines the spatial organization and long-term development of two ancient Maya centres - Lagartera and Margarita - located in south-central Quintana Roo, Mexico, that were occupied from the Middle Preclassic (ca. 500 B.C.) to the Terminal Classic (ca. A.D. 1000). Archaeological research at these two sites was designed to investigate the socio-political factors responsible for their different layouts. Spatial data, obtained through survey and mapping, and chronological data, obtained through excavations, were used to identify patterns in the built environments and to reconstruct the history of occupation of each site. By comparing the layout, composition, temporal development, and regional context of Lagartera and Margarita, this study highlights various dimensions of variability among ancient Maya centres and discusses the sources of this variability.

In this study the author tests three main hypotheses that focus on the institutionalization of vertical social differences, the different strategies that might have led to the institutionalization of vertical social differences, and changes in gender relations during the transition from the Late Copper Age to the Early Bronze Age in South Moravia (Czech Republic). In the nine chapters, the first outlines the main topics of interest and the central hypotheses, outlining the general research scope and methodology. Chapter 2 presents the main conceptual and theoretical framework, describing various aspects of social differences, their change over time, and the theoretical basis for the exploration of social differences in the mortuary archaeological record.Chapter 3 provides an introduction to the geomorphology of South Moravia and an overview of the archaeological cultures in the region, giving special attention to the Late Copper Age and the Early Bronze Age. Chapter 4 builds upon the previous two chapters and presents the three main hypotheses of this study. A series of expectations for each research hypothesis is presented along with the archaeological correlates - thus providing the necessary link between theory and characteristics that can be traced in the archaeological record. In Chapter 5 the author describes the methods used to test the research hypotheses. The first section describes the procedures for data collection. The second section discusses the methods for the analysis of intra-cemetery mortuary variability including its spatial aspects and mortuary variability between the sites and time periods. Chapter 6 discusses the archaeological sites concerned, paying special attention to four main cemeteries that are analyzed in detail. Chapters 7 and 8 present the results and discussion of the analyses. Chapter 9 concludes the main findings of the study, presenting the model of changes that occurred during the transition from the Late Copper Age to the Early Bronze Age and place the results into archaeology's wider anthropological context.

Archaeolingua: Central European Series 5The author's main aim in this study is to look at how and within what framework the elements of costume from Ottoman period burials in Hungary have been treated by previous research, and to suggest some new directions of interpretation. The information on the ethnic and geographical origins of the population interred in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century cemeteries in Hungary, as provided by historical sources, has determined the questions formulated within previous archaeological scholarship: the analysis of burial customs and finds, mostly remains of clothing, has focused on an ethnic interpretation. This study has two main aims. First, to look for factors other than ethnicity which could contribute to the formation of clothing and of the way it appears in the archaeological record, taking a closer look at the archaeological and various aspects of the social and cultural context of certain objects. Second, to see how historical archaeology can modify our understanding of clothing in the past: the way it was treated by contemporary peoples, and the social and cultural structures that produced it.

Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 23A study of the Mayan site of Joyanca (north-west Guatemala).

This study investigates the relationship between the thermal performance of building assemblages (classes of buildings) and the social life of human communities using a multi-scalar Neo-Darwinian approach to study the evolution of the built environment. The work investigates levels of thermal operational adjustability associated with building assemblages and long-term social viability, given that social and contextual change is inevitable in the long-term.

Proceedings of an International Conference held in Trondheim, Norway, 10th-12th October 2008, arranged by the Institute of Archaeology and Religious Studies, and the SAK department of the Museum of Natural History and Archaeology of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)A volume dedicated to the achievements of Norwegian archaeologist Gutorm Gjessing (1906-1979).

Archaeological Studies on Late Antiquity and Early Medieval Europe (400-1000 A.D.) (SERIES ASLAEME), Monographs IIIThe series Archaeological Studies on Late Antiquity and Early Medieval Europe (A.D. 400-1000) (ASLAEME Series) covers the chronological and spatial span from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages, themes that have seen an extraordinary flourishing of publications and research over the last 25 years in western Europe, and more generally in the whole geographic area once ruled by the Roman Empire until its dissolution during the 5th century A.D. One of the priorities of ASLAEME is to contribute to the knowledge of this period from an archaeological perspective by means of the publication of an homogeneous series as far as time and space are concerned, but with a multidisciplinary approach and, above all, open to an honest and constructive debate that will prove scientifically enriching. To accomplish this, the series will feature the work of young researchers who will have the possibility to subject the results of their studies to an international scientific audience. The ASLAEME series is divided into three sub-series publication of monographs on both final and in-progress preliminary reports of particular sites, as well as catalogues resulting from exhibitions and re-evaluations of material pertaining to the chronological framework of the ASLAEME series. The third volume in this series is the monograph by of Eusebio Dohijo on Late Antiquity in the High Valley of the Duero River in Portugal.

Mosaic surfaces (floor and/or wall) comprise one of the most accomplished art forms to develop in the Mediterranean region in antiquity. Each country surrounding the Mediterranean Basin added to the development of the techniques and repertoire, reflecting cultural development and diffusion. This work focuses on all aspects of ship iconography as represented on known mosaics from major and minor sites. Contents: Introduction; Mosaic Production and its Application to Ship Depictions; 'Catalogue of Ships' (including mosaics from Berenike (Egypt), Lod (Israel), Antioch (Turkey), Kelenderis/Aydincik (Turkey), Kenchreai (Greece), The Palestrina Nile Mosaic (Italy), Ostia/Piazzale Delle Corporazioni (Italy), Piazza Armerina (Sicily); Ship Archaeology; Ship Interpretation in Mosaics; Conclusions; Glossary.

This book offers an overview of the whole period from the first evidence of the Roman rediscovery of figured vases until the end of the 20th century. It looks at how figured vases were received in each successive period and how this determined the way they were studied. First, the Roman urge to collect vases purely as both decorative curiosities found locally and as trophies form Corinth. Then after many centuries of silence, the mediaeval discovery of vases in Tuscany and particularly around Arezzo and the belief that these vases must be supernatural because the painting on them was beyond the skills of contemporary artists. This was followed by the later use of vases as complements to the display of sculpture and to their being regarded as of secondary importance. By the 18th century, vase-painting was being studied for its iconography and as comparative material with ancient texts. Finally the search for the origin of the vases themselves became the great debate, and these supposed origins were also used for political ends. In the 19th century, classification took over as the main type of scholarship. In the 20th century, images of life depicted in vase-paintings are used as a vehicle through which the ancient world is understood. The focus of this work is the history of scholarship. It looks at the aspects of study that each subsequent century thought important, the varied forms scholarly debate took, and the responses which ordered the direction of research. The history of collections is also of importance to this study as the contents of collections can reveal how certain types of figured vases were favoured over others and were disseminated to a wider audience, thereby gaining more prominence and being more closely studied. Vases could not be studied at leisure until they were placed in a safe, permanent environment, so collections were the basis of vase study and subsequent publications. Finally, the author looks at how ancient vases were (and to a certain extent still are) regarded compared with the more revered subjects of ancient literature and classical sculpture.

South American Archaeology Series No 11This research explores the characteristics of stone tool production in the heart of the Andean state of Tiwanaku, comparing tool production on urban and rural settlements and at elite and non-elite sites. Models of the Tiwanaku state are tested, and comparisons with the contemporaneous Wari state are explored. No evidence of craft specialization was recovered from urban or rural sites. The author demonstrates that there was an overall continuity in lithic production from the Formative (1500 B.C. - 400 A.D.) to Middle Horizon (400-1100 A.D.), but significant changes occured after 600 A.D., as exotic raw materials began to be exploited. The state controlled the procurement and distribution of obsidian and black basalt, giving preference to urban dwellers, following the experiences of earlier altiplano polities (the Pukara, Chiripa and Wankarani). At the same time, local groups procured smaller quantities of exotics from other (non-state controlled) sources. Projectile points were locally manufactured and were used in inter-group conflicts.

This publication offers new perspectives on the Phoenician presence in the Iberian Peninsula. It is proposed that Tartesos needs to be understood in a wider geographical way, rather than being studied according to a traditional historic-cultural approach. The authors reflect on a number of topics: the diversity of origins and identities of the "Phoenician" communities, the homogeneity and heterogeneity factors among them, their specific evolution in the colonial and post-colonial landscapes, the making of new political and ethnic identities, the ways in which the Greeks and Roman perceived and recorded them, the criteria for the identification of "indigenous" and "colonial" in the archaeological record, and the role of religion among the Phoenicians in terms of unity and diversity. All of these subjects are approached from a wide and multidisciplinary perspective.

15 papers which present practical case studies in experimental archaeology, as well as more theoretical work.

This volume presents a series of experimental investigations designed to explore the identification and characterisation of ancient arable farming through a feature-based morphology approach, and to assess previous work regarding the ability of soil micromorphological approaches to identify ancient tilled soils on the basis of profile and horizon characteristics. Studying ancient arable land use through soil micromorphology involves identifying remnant indicators of the processes and activities involved in cultivation in thin section. Regarding ancient tillage, there are two major types of indicators which should be examined micromorphologically: profile or horizon characteristics associated with the impact of cultivation on the soil, and the characteristics of macroscopic tillage features themselves. Much primary research has focused on the former, although the latter may prove to be both the least ambiguous, and of the most use in relating microscopic indicators to macroscopic archaeological features. This volume discusses experimental study of both of these aspects, in comparison to archaeological remains, and presents a feature morphology-based approach to the study of ancient arable land use.

Contributions on the current state of archaeological research in the Croatian part of the Roman province of Pannonia.

The present study analyses different faunal samples dated to the Middle Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age from both Latium and Abruzzi (central Italy). It includes a multitude of unpublished material from different sites such as the excavations on the Capitol in the garden of Palazzo Caffarelli in Rome. These sites are particularly interesting for they testify the presence of a long-term settlement along the southern slope of the Capitoline hill as of, at least, the end of the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. Other unpublished samples included are those of the Middle Bronze Age settlement of Castiglione that was partially destroyed at the beginning of the Iron Age by the homonymous necropolis, as well as those from Final Bronze Age settlement of Monte Sant'Elia. It, moreover, includes unpublished samples from the Final Bronze Age settlement of Sorgenti della Nova (and in particular from area Ve); from the Final Bronze Age settlement of Ficana (near the highest and most central part of the aggere that delimits the western slope of the plateau); from the Iron Age structure of Fidene; from recent excavations conducted in Rome in the Domus and Velia. The samples from these sites have been compared to those found in different sites in Abruzzi and in particular in the Middle Bronze Age settlement of Cerchio-La Ripa, in the recent excavations of the Final Bronze Age/Initial Iron Age settlement of Madonna degli Angeli and of the Early Iron Age settlements of Punta d'Erce and Tortoreto. This project, that compares archaeozoological data available in literature and the data obtained through direct analysis of sites in the central area of Italy, also seeks to highlight the network of commercial exchanges that characterizes the area of northern Latium, inland Abruzzi and southern Latium and that is made traceable by the circulation of metallic artefacts.

This volume presents previously unpublished data (including inter alia plans, photographs, catalogues, sources, geological analyses, water/drainage, travellers' reports) gathered from recent major archaeological investigations into a number of important underground structures from the six districts that together form the territory historically known as 'Cappadocia' (eastern-central Turkey) - Aksaray, Kayseri, Kirsehir, Nevsehir, Nigde and Yozgat. Besides synthetic data (name, location, type, planimetrics), each of the 40 records detailed in this work includes a route-finder, historical and urban-setting notes, descriptions of the underground site and related plan based on instrumental surveys or sketches.Edited by Roberto BixioIntroduction by Roberto Bixio, Vittoria Caloi and Andrea De PascaleRecords compiled by Roberto Bixio, Vittorio Castellani, Andrea De Pascale, Mauro Traverso, Jérôme Triolet and Laurent Triolet

This volume stems from an International Conference titled 'Methods of Education and Popularization in Archaeological Heritage', held in December 1-3, 2011, at the University of Warsaw, Institute of Archaeology, Poland, organized by Foundation of Friends of the Institute of Archaeology.

The numerous discoveries of black stone artefacts in Europe open new fields of research of great interest as regards the understanding of raw material acquisition and manufacturing and also the reconstruction of ancient exchange networks. Two main research axes were explored for this multidisciplinary research: the material was studied using archaeological, geological and analytical approaches. A new analytical protocol using LA-ICP-MS was tested and gives promising results and opens future developments.The aim of this study was to reconstruct the relationships between artefacts and sources during the Iron Age in Celtic Europe, and also to understand the distribution of the raw material and production systems of these black stone artefacts. Some changes between the Iron Age periods necessitated the examination of the circulation and diffusion of black stone objects across Europe, and also the long-distance trade of materials. These results constitute the most comprehensive archaeological, geological, and analytical referential database for European black stone material available to date.

This book presents the results of the study concerning the circulation of goods, raw material and ideas in the Calchaquí Valley (Salta, Northwestern Argentina) during the Regional Development (900-1430/70 AD) and Inka Periods (1430/70-1536 AD). Through stylistic and provenance analyses of various materials from museums' archaeological collections, it was possible to establish the diversity of goods and material that circulated to and from the valley in different moments of its occupational history. This new data, together with the already existing information about interregional connections for Calchaquí societies, allowed for the postulation of several interaction circuits with different ecological and cultural areas like Northern Chile, Southern Bolivia, Quebrada de Humahuaca, the Puna region or the Yungas, as well as their modifications since the Inka arrival to the Calchaquí Valley.

Cerro de la Virgen is a classic site on the Iberian peninsula for the Copper-Bronze Age transition. Excavations in the 1960s and 1970s unearthed crucial stratigraphic sequences used for all later Copper/Bronze Age studies of the Iberian peninsula. This book examines all the stone tools from the site through which a new insight into the Los Millares culture is given.

This volume presents eleven years of archaeological research carried out by the University of Siena at the castle of Rocchette Pannocchieschi (southern Tuscany, Italy). The research, starting from the distribution of the Middle Ages settlement in the region known as the 'Metal Hills', focuses on the specific role of the mining site of Rocchette Pannocchieschi, deriving from the rich data provided by the excavations. In this area of Tuscany, from the 8th century, several centralized settlements/villages developed around the mining areas containing deposits of mixed sulphides (copper, silver, lead). Rocchette Pannocchieschi was one of these centralized settlements, built near important deposits of lead and silver ores.Written by Francesca Grassi with contributions by Giovanna Bianchi, Maddalena Belli, Jacopo Bruttini, Mauro Buonincontri, Cristina Cicali, Giuseppe Di Falco, Gaetano Di Pasquale, Giuseppe Fichera, Silvia Guideri, Marja Mendera, Alessandra Pecci and Frank Salvadori.

Colloque de Poitiers (18-20 septembre 2000)

This study examines Old English terms for ships and parts of ships, i.e. it deals with any type of ship which was spoken about in Anglo-Saxon England. This includes well-known seagoing ships as well as inland craft, native boats as well as the ships of foreign traders and raiders. The study revives the old German tradition of 'word-and-object' study in order to contribute to a holistic understanding of the shipbuilding and seafaring traditions of the period. The main emphasis lies on the linguistic analysis of the terms, which are then compared with the documentary, material and iconographic record. The author hopes that this may help to close gaps in our understanding of the evidence and that it may bring some more light into the English "Dark Ages".

This volume is an exposé of building archaeological research works and building restorations. It is well known that buildings and their restorations mirror the dynamics of societies. Whether as a single monument, clustered in villages, towns, or cities, or even as single rooms or spaces, buildings and restorations result from socio-economic, political, or ideological power or expressions. But there are many different ways of looking at buildings and restorations in this respect, as the authors of this volume show. The 10 papers are presented in chronological order from ancient to modern times and the sites and areas under discussion include Crete, Mycenae, Pompeii, Scandinavia, Jamaica (Spanish Town) and Tongaat, South Africa.

Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 61This work is a comparative study of iron smelting practices among the Pangwa and Fipa peoples of Tanzania. The author discusses local concepts of metallurgy by step-by-step observations of the processes involved. Included is a description of the technology observed in several re-enactments of smelting practices and a discussion within a comparative framework of the multiple and shared levels of meaning and experience (symbolic repertoires and symbolic reservoirs) held by technicians during these observed technological processes. The study demonstrates, with a focus on magic and metaphors, the link between perceptions of the body and concepts of the technology. The author shows how a shift in the concepts of the technology is also useful for those studies of iron technology where there are no living exponents to answer questions about the use, or meaning, of specific objects or processes.

The purpose of this work is to determine the most informative articles and the most effective methods and research approaches to the study of Roman brick stamps covering the former Roman Empire. The different research methods used in different areas are compared. This study attempts to give an overall view of research methods, approaches and categories of studies used in all schools of brick stamp research and poses the question whether brick stamps can contribute to our understanding of military history. Regional and local differences of both stamps and modern schools of research are highlighted and their importance in terms of Roman history is discussed. This volume concentrates directly on questions such as: What are the different research methods used in dealing with military brick stamps, and who uses them? What are the different results represented by the different research approaches? Which results are best achieved by what methods? What can Roman military brick stamps contribute to an understanding of Roman history and can they be used as documents of military history, as other military inscriptions are? Or could they, instead, be helpful in reconstructing other historical aspects of Roman provinces? Are military brick stamps uniform documents which can be used equally in all former Roman provinces? The work concentrates on legionary rather than all military stamps. This study is intended to serve as a representative sample of the research methodologies for each province. Therefore, the focus lies on legionary stamps (but occasionally also includes auxiliary stamps where no other evidence exists). The author critically reviews a selection of articles, focusing primarily on the methodologies employed by certain scholars. The reviewed articles contain a selection of brick stamps. A catalogue of the works reviewed is included and the publications listed there form the background for this present analysis. The bibliography contains a list of all other works cited and consulted. Chapter 1 includes an introduction to the methodologies of studying brick stamps, concentrating on research methods and approaches. It also contains a discussion of the methodology used in this thesis, and also introductions to Roman bricks, and stamps on bricks, respectively. Chapters 2-9 analyse the different groups of research schools and the methodologies they employ in studying military brick stamps. Chapters 10-13 consider more general problems and questions which arise during the study of provincial military brick stamps, such as the phenomenon of name stamps, the question of when the habit of stamping bricks was started by the Roman army, the relationship between brick stamps and military territories or the so-called prata legionis and the problem of brick reuse. Chapter 14 summarises the answers to the research questions posed in the course of the previous chapters and offers a conclusion.

This book attempts to study Western Iberian Late Neolithic/Chalcolithic society by investigating a segment of its economy, the production and exchange of bifacial lithic artifacts. It focuses on the role of craft specialization within the context of social complexity. Most of the sampled artifacts come from old collections and are supplemented by only basic spatial and temporal information. The book includes a catalogue and descriptions of 149 settlement and burial sites, as well as formal and technological analysis of each of the three classes of bifacial tools found at these sites. In conclusion, this study shows that lithic production was organized in at least two different ways; one was based on the individual household, while the other was carried out by craft specialists. The products circulated through two distinct distribution mecahnisms.