Böcker i British Archaeological Reports International Series-serien

This work explores the reconstruction of the topography and planning of the ancient Italian town of Spoleto. One of the most important towns of central Italy, Spoleto's Longobard, medieval and modern layouts and histories are well known but, so far, there has been no up-to-date study of the ancient town and its many spectacular Roman buildings. This new work attempts to put on a digital cadastral map all ancient finds known from the very first discoveries (11th and 12th centuries) up until the latest excavations. Using data processing techniques, the author investigates every feature of the ancient settlement and identifies the relationships between the ancient buildings and later constructions. Moving from the typology and building materials, the structures are separated into component layers, reflecting the many various periods of town planning and their relationships with the history of Roman Spoleto provided by ancient sources.

Zenobia, Arab Queen of Palmyra, a tragic persona, beautiful, erudite, ambitious, virtuous, courageous, has baffled historians for many centuries. This study portrays her in her own words, the evidence of ancient and modern sources, both Western and Arabic, excavations and research. The third century of the Roman Empire can be justly called the "Arab century", in the sense that the Arabs helped to shape Roman history, from the Severan dynasty (193-235), through Philip the Arab (244-249) to Odainat and Zenobia (259-272). Palmyra (in present-day Syria) was a unique phenomenon, where East and West met. It owed its power to being a barrier between the two great empires of Persia and Rome, which allowed it to develop an extensive commercial activity, with trade routes, caravans and trading posts, and poured onto the city untold wealth. Born in the desert, Palmyra flared brilliantly like a meteor in the sky for six centuries from the third century BC to the third century AD. And then it was gone. However, during the fleeting period of its existence, this small city on the edge of the desert, challenged and shook the very foundations of the two great and mighty empires of the time - Odainat with his smashing victory over the great Persian king and Zenobia over Rome. Zenobia, the subject of this study, built an empire which she had seized from the Romans and which extended from the Euphrates to the Bosphorus. Zenobia and Palmyra, however, are shrouded in legend. To the prejudice of her being a woman in a completely masculine Roman world, and an Oriental, was added excessive romanticism. Zenobia was a Roman to the Romans, an Arab to the Arabs, a Pan-Hellenist to the Greeks, but in fact she was a Hellenized Arab. Her history, as traced by Western authors, was written by her enemies. On the Arab side, it consists of fantastic legends that concentrate on her feud with the Tanukh, whose storytellers (who were also her enemies), boasted in Arab tents of their victory and her defeat. This present study clarifies certain ambiguous aspects of her life, such as her involvement in philosophy and her devotion to the Platonic ideal, but mainly contests the manner of her death and her humiliation, as reported by her enemies who revelled at her presumed exhibition in the Triumph of Aurelian.

Proceedings of a seminar held on Monday 24th July 2000 to mark the exhibition 'Traces of Paradise' at the Brunei gallery, SOAS, LondonThe papers in this volume were given at a seminar The Archaeology of Bahrain: the British contribution on Monday 24th July 2000 at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London. The venue was the excellent Brunei Gallery, within the School, which was at the time playing host to the exhibition.

The original impetus for this volume came from a small and informal conference held at the British Museum in 1997. The conference, in itself, was an inaugural meeting of the Worked Bone Research Group, an organisation set up shortly before to allow specialists in the study of worked bone, antler, ivory and horn to meet together and discuss assemblages, themes and work in progress. In collating these papers, it became clear that a general theme of materials and their use could be established. Equally, a specific, if fairly broad, time frame of the first millennium AD could also be defined. With these parameters determined, it was possible to enlarge the volume by commissioning extra texts and updating several others, and to bring all of these together into a small monograph. Northern and central Europe witnessed enormous changes in the transition from the Roman to the medieval world across the first millennium AD. This volume pursues some of the common elements, as well as noting change over time.

So far no holistic study and synthesis of Late Minoan bronze-working has been published. This study is the first attempt to collect all available data and analyze the whole bronze-working process from raw materials to finished objects and present a comprehensive view of its development from the Neopalatial to the Postpalatial period. The aims of this study are (1) to collect all published data on bronze objects, evidence for raw materials and bronze workshops as well as scientific analyses related to Late Minoan bronze-working, and store them in codified databases; (2) to analyze this information and identify differences in the bronze object assemblages, selected object types, the finding contexts, the metalworking techniques, the alloy composition and the availability of copper between the Neopalatial, the Mycenaean Knossos and the Postpalatial periods; (3) to identify the causes of possible changes and differences between these periods; (4) to present an overview of the bronze industry on Crete and its development during the Late Bronze Age. Chronologically the study is centred on the Late Bronze Age, and metallurgically and geographically the scope of the research is limited to copper-based objects, archaeological evidence for their manufacturing and copper raw material found on Crete, as well as scientific analyses related to them. Chapter 2 contains a brief outline of Early and Middle Minoan bronze-working. The information sources used for collecting the data and the structures of the databases are presented in Chapter 3. Appendices II -V comprise the database parameters, abbreviations and printouts of the entire databases. The data analyses presented in Chapter 4 are based on bar-charts and curves produced from the databases; a preliminary overviewof the development of the Late Minoan bronze-working is presented in Chapter 5, before the summary and conclusions.

Archéologie et gobelets: Association pour la promotion de la recherche et la diffusion des connaissances sur le CampaniformeThe Archéologie et gobelets Association was set up in 1996 in Geneva, Switzerland, to further the study of the Bell Beaker Culture and for the dissemination of knowledge. This book includes 13 papers from the 2001 conference, 6 in French, 4 in English, 2 in Spanish and 1 in Italian.

This monograph presents the first thorough study of the bronzes from south-central China. The finds from the Yangtze areas have conventionally been thought to have been entirely inspired by Shang traditions and ritual practices in Henan. This monograph applies the perspective of materiality to argue otherwise. Through investigations of three main bronze types: ritual vessels, bells and weapons, the author suggests that the Yangtze societies were far more independent from the Shang traditions than most archaeologists have understood them to have been.

Early peoples migrating to the Americas via the coastal migration route would have travelled through southeast Alaska during periods with lower sea levels. The residues of where they lived, hunted and gathered are on the now submerged continental shelf of southeast Alaska. A GIS model, two years of marine geophysical survey (including side scan sonar, sub-bottom profiling and multibeam sonar) and minimal subsurface testing have allowed the author to refine the methods for locating submerged archaeological sites buried on the continental shelf. The environment is reconstructed in 500-year intervals, and these intervals are used to create a predictive model for each time period using inductive and deductive methods. The final model combines the interval models for a final prediction of probable archaeological sites within the region.

Il libro presenta i risultati delle campagne di ricerca dirette dagli autori e consiste nella pubblicazione dei risultati dei loro scavi del 1988 e 1989 una grotta dell'Italia centrale, la Grotta Vittorio Vecchi (Sezze, LT). La grotta fu scoperta dagli speleologi e risultò essere stata utilizzata come necropoli per più di 40 membri di una comunità insediata nell'area e contenere materiale archeologico di rilevanza culturale e cronologica. Lo studio della ceramica e degli oggetti in bronzo (il "focus" del volume) ha permesso agli autori di datare l'utilizzazione della grotta tra l'antica e la media età del bronzo (all'incirca la prima metà del secondo millennio a.C.), un dato che va d'accordo con il più ampio contesto dell'utilizzazione funeraria e cultuale delle grotte.This book presents the results of field research campaigns led by the authors, and consists in a publication of the results of their 1988-1989 excavations in a cave in Central Italy, the Grotta Vittorio Vecchi (Sezze, LT). The cave, discovered by speleologists, turned out to have been used as the burial site for more than 40 members of a community living in the area, and to contain archaeological material of both cultural and chronological relevance. Study of the pottery and metal objects found (which form the focus of this volume) allowed the authors to date the utilisation of the cave to between the Early and Middle Bronze Age (that is, around the first half of the second millennium BC): a datum that agrees with the broader framework of the funerary and cultural use of caves in protohistoric central Italy.

Il libro, frutto degli studi dellautore effettuati durante il suo PhD in Archeologia e perfezionati negli anni successivi, presenta unindagine a carattere territoriale di un tratto della bassa pianura veneta che si estende a sud della citt'e di Padova, tra i Colli Euganei e il bacino meridionale della Laguna di Venezia. Linteresse 'e principalmente rivolto alla ricostruzione del paesaggio di epoca romana, analizzato attraverso una metodologia fondamentalmente basata sui principi teorici dellArcheologia del Paesaggio e sviluppata secondo un approccio di tipo archeomorfologico. Dopo averne definito i caratteri essenziali (sia naturali sia antropici), vengono considerati e analizzati i diversi cambi avvenuti nella sua strutturazione durante il periodo di dominazione romana, compreso tra larrivo degli stessi Romani allinizio del II sec. a.C. e il VI sec. d.C., ovvero quando la guerra greco-gotica (535-553) e la calata dei Longobardi (568) posero fine ad ogni velleit'e di dominio da parte dellImpero Romano dOriente.This book, originally based on the author's PhD research and revised in the years following, presents a regional study focusing on a stretch of low Venetian plain south of the city of Padua, between the Euganei Hills and the southern basin of the Venetian Lagoon. The primary goal of this research is the reconstruction of the Roman landscape, which is analysed through a methodology based on the theoretical precepts of Landscape Archaeology and developed following an archaeomorphological approach. After its essential features (both natural and anthropic) have been defined, changes and transformations in its structure are evaluated, as they occurred during the period of Roman domination, between their arrival at the beginning of the 2nd c. BC and the 6th c. AD; that is, the point at which the Gothic war (535-553) and the arrival of the Lombards (568) put an end to any desire for domination of the region on the part of the Eastern Roman Empire.

This book, designed as a companion volume to BAR S2844, Hill of Prosperity, Excavations at Khok Charoen, Thailand (2017), provides a complete, structured, fully illustrated catalogue of the more than 400 pots excavated at the prehistoric Khok Charoen site in Northern Thailand in the late 1960s, together with line drawings of more than 150 decorated individual sherds from the same site. All illustrations are to a common scale. The book is also designed not only to trace the development of pottery styles at the site over time, but also to allow comparison with ceramic finds from other such sites elsewhere in Southeast Asia.Compiled and edited by John Crocker.

Esta investigación pretende ser una aproximación al estudio de los procesos de producción, distribución y consumo de productos líticos de las sociedades de la Prehistoria Reciente en los valles de Guadalteba y Turón. El trabajo científico se enfoca en obtener datos económicos y sociales a través del análisis geológico y arqueológico de las materias primas líticas. En una relación interdisciplinar entre arqueología y geología, se han llevado a cabo una serie de técnicas petrológicas que nos han permitido caracterizar los afloramientos silíceos, así como las materias primas utilizadas para producir los productos líticos. Estos datos se combinaron con el análisis tecnológico de la industria lítica de más de treinta sitios arqueológicos, lo que nos ha permitido reconstruir las estrategias de captación y producción utilizadas por las sociedades neolítica y calcolítica entre el VI y el II milenio antes de Cristo.This work aims to reconstruct the processes of production, distribution and consumption of lithic artefacts in the societies of Late Prehistory in the valleys of Guadalteba and Turón. The research here presented focuses on obtaining economic and social data through the geological and archaeological analysis of lithic raw materials. Through an interdisciplinary method uniting archaeology and geology, a series of petrological techniques have been carried out, which allowed the author to characterise the siliceous outcrops, as well as the raw materials used to produce the lithic artefacts. These data are combined with a technological analysis of the lithic industry of more than thirty archaeological sites, allowing a reconstruction of the catchment and production strategies used by Neolithic and Chalcolithic societies between the 6th and the 2nd millennium BC.

HYPOGEAN ARCHAEOLOGY Research and Documentation of Underground Structures No 12L' "antro delle gallerie" è una struttura mineraria sotterranea, probabilmente risalente al periodo rinascimentale, che si apre all'interno dell' "Alpe Cuseglio" in Valganna, nella provincia di Varese. È stato studiato durante una estesa campagna di ricerche di archeologia mineraria. Questa monografia documenta la struttura della miniera, attraverso un rilievo topografico dettagliato e completo che ha prodotto la planimetria ed il modello 3D del sito, e dettaglia le tecniche di scavo utilizzate.The 'Antro delle Gallerie' is an underground mining structure, likely dating to the Renaissance, hidden inside the 'Alpe Cuseglio' in Valganna, in the province of Varese. It was studied as part of an extensive mining archaeology research campaign. This monograph documents the structure of the mine, through a complete and detailed topographical survey yielding eight planimetric surveys of the site and a 3D model, and details the excavation techniques used in its orginal construction.

The archaeological excavation of Tell Abu en-Ni'aj provides the foundation for an unprecedented analysis of agrarian village life during an era of the Levantine Bronze Age characterised previously in terms of urban collapse and a reversion to mobile pastoralism. Interpretation of archaeological and ecological evidence here situates the lifeways of this community amid emerging revised chronologies and reconstructions of village-based society in the third millennium BC. This reconstruction of rural life integrates evidence of regional and local environmental change, agricultural coping strategies, intramural social change, interaction with neighbouring communities and ritual ties with preceding and subsequent periods. This synthesis centred on Tell Abu en-Ni'aj suggests a strikingly revised portrait of rural society in the course of Near Eastern civilisation.With contributions by Ilya Berelov and Steven Porson

A case study from Vác, Hungary. It is the author's ocntention that during the late Middle Ages, the contribution of animals to urban development intensified in Hungary since animal hubandry and trading became a major form of accumulating wealth.

The Peloponnesian War shows important differences compared with previous warfare since its campaigns are no longer seasonal affairs, meaning that the hoplites-landowners must leave their land and other activities. As a consequence, their presence becomes scarce as far as the cities' political life is concerned, and this will slowly open an ever deeper gulf between politics and military men. This book looks at how the phenomena and features just mentioned took shape and developed. But within the overall frame of the Peloponnesian War, particular attention is paid to the Corinthian and Argive societies, that lived through it and suffered in very different ways. Both these states are highly significant within the Hellenic world. Their importance however has been outshined by the two great hegemones of the classical period, Athens and Sparta. The conclusion is that the Corinthian society, less complex but more coherent than Athenian, enjoyed a remarkable balance among its layers: to the absence of military and social privileged elites, the existence of what nowadays we would call a significant middle class must be added; and the fact that the needs of the plethos were acknowledged by the oligarchic group in power. The Corinthian social maturity made it possible that the dominant class absorbed and channeled the fissures of its civic body in favor of the common goal of asserting themselves over Athens. On the contrary, the Argive society showed less articulation and consistency than the Corinthian's, the consequence mostly of the traumatic reconstruction of the civic body in the first third of the fifth century, based on the integration of dependants and non-Argive free population.

This volume presents the results from the research project entitled 'Domesticación del bosque en el Cauca medio entre el Pleistoceno final y el Holoceno medio', the objective of which was to rebuild the colonization and effective occupation in the premontane humid forests of the Colombian Cordillera Central (northern Andes). For a long period tropical rain forests have been considered geographical barriers for human dispersals, nevertheless the data presented in this book demonstrate that mountain range forests were colonized during the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition. Far from the ecologically passive hunter gatherer stereotype, the human groups that peopled the Cauca medio region developed agrilocality patterns very early on their settlement, implying the anthropic transformation of the humid Andean forests. These first groups developed forest adaptations based on the manipulation of plants, through the creation of anthropic patches that in effect constituted actual plant domestication 'laboratories'. Forest management in a migrating production was the main strategy of effective occupation of the territory up to the middle Holocene.

Este libro presenta los resultados alcanzados por el Proyecto de Investigación IdaVe sobre el paisaje, el urbanismo y la arquitectura de Idanha-a-Velha en épocas romana, Antigüedad tardía y medieval-islámica a partir de los estudios realizados en el marco de este proyecto y de la reinterpretación de las excavaciones que nos han precedido. Desde 2012, un equipo interdisciplinar ha afrontado la investigación de la ciudad y el territorio de la ciuitas Igaeditanorum (Portugal), que pertenecía a la provincia romana de Lusitania, situada en la parte occidental de la Península Ibérica. El objetivo ha sido comprender la transformación de la topografía y el paisaje romanos en sede episcopal tardoantigua a través de un enfoque arqueológico amplio. Las nuevas excavaciones nos han permitido realizar análisis de zoología, carpología, palinología y morteros, cuyos resultados se recogen en este volumen. La aplicación de diversos métodos de teledetección en los trabajos de campo nos ha permitido registrar más datos sobre la arquitectura y la topografía de la ciudad antigua.This book presents the results obtained by the IdaVe Research Project on the landscape, urbanism and architecture of Idanha-a-Velha in the Roman, late antique and medieval periods from the latest fieldwork data and the reinterpretation of previous works. Since 2012, an interdisciplinary team has been studying the city and territory of the Roman ciuitas Igaeditanorum (Portugal), that was located in the Roman province of Lusitania in the western Iberian peninsula. The aim has been to understand the transformation of the Roman city and landscape into a late antique bishopric through a wider archaeological approach. The new excavations have allowed analysis of zoology, carpology, palynology and mortars. The application of remote sensing methods in fieldwork have enabled the authors to record more data about the architecture and topography of the ancient city.

Los ataúdes de Pairusejer y Ruru procedentes del lote nº 13 de la Cachette de Bab el-Gasus, que forman parte de la colección egipcia del Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid), se analizan en profundidad en este estudio a través de técnicas instrumentales como SEM, imagen VIL, FRX y FTIR. Estas permiten entender cómo fueron elaborados, qué materias primas se emplearon (maderas, morteros, pigmentos o barnices), qué técnicas artísticas aplicaron y el estado de conservación que estas dos cajas funerarias presentan en la actualidad. Asimismo, con ayuda de la documentación y fotografías conservadas se han podido conocer las condiciones del hallazgo en Egipto, su traslado a España y los cambios que experimentaron desde su llegada al museo madrileño hasta hoy. Se identifican las diferentes maderas, las policromías y su conservación, a la vez que se comprende mejor la evolución española de la disciplina de la Restauración tan ligada a la historia del Patrimonio.This study provides an in-depth analysis of the coffins of Pairusejer and Ruru, from lot No. 13 of objects found at Bab el-Gasus, now to be found in the Egyptian collection of the Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid), using a variety of techniques, including SEM, VIL imaging, FRX and FTIR. These allow us to understand how the coffins were made, which materials were used (woods, mortars, pigments or varnishes), what artistic techniques were applied and the coffins' current state of conservation. Moreover, thanks to the documentation and photographs preserved, the conditions of the objects' discovery in Egypt, their transfer to Spain and the changes they have experienced from their arrival at the Madrid museum can also be taken into account. The different woods and types of polychrome decoration are identified, as well as the methods employed in their conservation, at the same time allowing a better understanding of the evolution of restoration practices in Spain, which is intimately related with the history of Heritage as a field.

This book offers an extensive discussion of the several types of deposits (mainly consisting of votive objects like human and animal figures, model boats and shrines, mace heads and jewellery) found in the Early Dynastic temple of Tell Ibrahim Awad, in the Eastern Nile Delta of Egypt. The introduction presents a general description of the site, its geographical and historical context and a specific description of the successive temple layers (between 3300 and 1950 BC). This is followed by a detailed discussion of the votives themselves (material, production, meaning, ritual presentation) and other objects (ceramics, animal bones, lithic tools and temple decorations) found in the deposits, the rituals with which they were associated and comparisons with finds from other sites in Egypt and abroad (Syria/Palestine and Mesopotamia). Images and a detailed catalogue of the objects are also included in the volume.

'Here is a mixture of approaches, from traditional culture history to interpretative archaeologists at home with some current theoretical debate about Heidegger's phenomenology of human being-in-the-world...' From the Foreword by Michael Shanks.

Papers in this volume are grouped under following headings: Oases and other forms of agricultural intensification; The visibility of nomads and herders across the archaeological record; The rise and decline of complex societies in Mediterranean Europe during the Middle and Late Bronze Age; Political and cultural frontiers; Archaeology and ethnicity. Sixty-nine authors come from all over Europe and the USA.Edited by Mark Pearce and Maurizio Tosi with Anna Maria Bietti Sestieri, Serge Cleuziou, Alessandro Guidi, Ludmila Koryakova, Pietro Laureano, Manuel Molinos, Mike Rowlands, Nataliya Shishlina, Simon Stoddart and Andrea Zifferero

This work analyzes the variety of Mesolithic decorated productions, using a variety of ethnographic, sociological and anthropological approaches.

This book publishes the results of investigations carried out between 1999-2003 in West Greenland on reindeer that died naturally. 282 complete skeletons and 403 skeleton parts were recorded and measured, mostly in the field, but with some analysed at the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen.

Questo volume è il risultato di quattro diversi seminari che hanno rappresentato un'occasione unica per condividere i risultati degli ultimi anni di ricerche archeologiche e topografiche condotte all'interno delle regioni comprese tra le due sponde dell'Adriatico centrale. Sono stati coinvolti ricercatori che si occupano o si sono occupati di queste tematiche negli attuali territori costieri di Emilia-Romagna, Marche, Abruzzo, Dalmazia e Illiria. Le recenti ricerche sembrano indicare che diversi fenomeni di trasformazione della cultura materiale e delle scelte insediative sono influenzati direttamente dai continui cambiamenti politici e dalle diverse influenze economiche e culturali che caratterizzano le zone occupate dai barbari rispetto a quelle sotto il controllo romano-"bizantino". Nei contributi raccolti in questa occasione vengono prese in esame, attraverso sintesi regionali e attraverso la presentazione di singoli contesti di studio, le forme degli insediamenti e gli aspetti delle produzione e della circolazione dei prodotti ceramici e di tutti i prodotti artigianali, in questo periodo di crisi.This volume is the result of four seminars that represented a unique opportunity to share the results of the most recent archaeological and topographical research conducted in the regions on the two shores of the central Adriatic Sea. The contributors include specialists who have been involved in excavations or who have researched archaeological topics in the coastal territories of Emilia-Romagna, Marche, Abruzzo, Dalmatia and Illyria. Recent research seems to indicate that different phenomena relating to the transformation of material culture and settlement choices were directly influenced by the continuous political changes and the various economic and cultural influences that characterised the areas occupied by 'barbarians' compared to those under Roman-Byzantine control. The papers here collected, through regional summaries and through the presentation of individual study contexts, examine the forms of settlements and aspects of the production and circulation of ceramics and other craft products during this period of crisis.

Le présent volume rassemble les résultats des dix premières années de fouilles archéologiques espagnoles menées dans la nécropole de Qoubbet el-Hawa. Il s'ouvre sur un aperçu historique de la province la plus méridionale de l'Égypte dans l'Antiquité afin de contextualiser les vestiges funéraires découverts à Qoubbet el-Hawa. Suit une description historique et archéologique de la découverte des vestiges de la nécropole par différents chercheurs et le programme de recherche mis en œuvre par la présente mission espagnole pour développer son projet multidisciplinaire. Le volume comprend en outre plusieurs axes subsidiaires de recherche axés sur la conservation du site et le développement local à partir de la valorisation du patrimoine. L'un des apports majeurs du présent ouvrage est la publication des résultats historiques et archéologiques réalisés sur le site et mis à jour par les dernières publications faites par l'équipe multidisciplinaire en charge du projet.This book presents the results of the first ten years of Spanish archaeological excavations in the necropolis of Qubbet el-Hawa. It opens with an outline of the history of the southernmost province of Egypt in Antiquity, in order to contextualize the funerary remains found in Qubbet el-Hawa. This is followed by a historic and archaeological description of the discovery of Qubbet el-Hawa by various scholars and of the research programme carried out by the current Spanish mission to develop its multidisciplinary project. The volume also includes subsidiary lines of research, focusing on the conservation of the site and the local development resulting from the valorisation of this heritage. One of the main contributions of the present work is the publication of the historical and archaeological results, updated and reinterpreted, together with the latest works produced by the multidisciplinary team.

This is the first general synthesis of the major social dimensions of mortuary practice with respect to age, gender, horizontal and vertical dimensions. The study carefully examines quantitative approaches to extracting social information, previews previous work on the subject and offers a novel and systematic assessment of these approaches. The conclusions, which at times dispute conventional judgement, are well documented with the help of a new methodology developed by the author.

This technical study of biological population affinities amongst Eastern Mediterranean Chalcolithic and Bronze Age humn skeletal examples' is based on the author's analysis of 686 samples from eight sites in Cyprus, Greece and Syria. Parras focused on age, sex and non-metric traits from the dentition, crania and post-crania.

Hadrianopolis is located on the principal western route from the Central Anatolian plain through the mountains to Bart¿n and the Black Sea, 3 km west of modern Eskipazar, near Karabük, in Roman southwestern Paphlagonia. Though small, it dominated a rich agricultural and vinicultural enclave on the borders between Paphlagonia, Bithynia and Galatia. Between 2005 and 2008, four survey, excavation and restoration campaigns were conducted on the site by Dokuz Eylül University. The 2005 surveys identified the remains of at least 24 buildings, many of which were paved with extensive mosaic floors. Following the publication of the inscriptions (Hadrianopolis I), glass (Hadrianopolis II), and pottery finds (Hadrianopolis III), the present volume is devoted to these early Byzantine mosaics and frescoes from this site, dated mainly to the 6th and 7th centuries AD. The most remarkable of these is the floor mosaic of the nave of the Basilica B, which displays personifications of the four rivers of paradise: Euphrates, Tigris, Phison and Geon.

El libro propone, basado en el materialismo histórico, la existencia y desarrollo de un modo de producción comunal como funcionamiento básico entre las formaciones sociales que poblaron el territorio de la Depresión de Vera y la Cuenca del río Almanzora (Almería) entre finales del VI y mediados del III milenio ANE. El modo de producción comunal se combinó con una organización social tribal para extenderse sobre el territorio. La reproducción social se organizó a partir de comunidades domésticas donde las relaciones parentales regulaban la fuerza de trabajo y el acceso al producto a partir de una reciprocidad generalizada que mantenía como norma básica la igualdad en la participación en el trabajo y el acceso a lo producido. Sin embargo, la progresiva fragmentación del sujeto colectivo generará una extensión de la fuerza de trabajo donde la reciprocidad irá pasando de generalizada a negativa, restringida cada vez más a grupos domésticos organizados a partir de lo que denominamos unidades territoriales A comienzos del III milenio ANE los mecanismos de fragmentación social parecen iniciar un colapso y algunas comunidades domésticas parecen desarrollarse por encima de otras, con lo que la degradación del modo de producción comunal se hace evidente, y con ella la conflictividad social.This book, with a theoretical grounding in historical materialism, proposes the existence and development of a communal mode of production as a basic element of the social structures of the groups populating the territory of la Depresión de Vera and la Cuenca del río Almanzora (Almería) between the end of the 6th and the middle of the 3rd millennium BCE. This mode of production, combined with a tribal social organisation, extended itself over the territory. Cultural reproduction was organised through domestic communities in which parental relationships regulated the labour force and access to products via a generalised reciprocity. This ensured, as a basic rule, equality of participation in work and access to what that work produced. However, the progressive fragmentation of the collective subject would generate an extension of the labour force, in which that reciprocity would turn from generalised to negative, and increasingly be restricted to domestic groups organised into what we would call territorial units. At the beginning of the 3rd millennium BCE, social fragmentation mechanisms seem to initiate a collapse and some domestic communities seem to develop over and above others, so that the degradation of the communal mode of production becomes evident, together with accompanying social unrest.