Böcker i Cambridge Library Collection - Classics-serien

The classical scholar J. P. Mahaffy (1839-1919) is known equally for his work on Greek texts and Egyptian papyri (his edition of The Flinders Petrie Papyri is reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection). He graduated from Trinity College, Dublin and spent the rest of his working life there, as a fellow, and ultimately as provost from 1914 until his death. This work, in which Mahaffy records his impressions of his first visit to Greece, was published in 1876. Though it is not uncritical ('Nothing is more melancholy and more disappointing than the first view of the Athenian museums'), his account of the famous Greek sites of Attica, Thebes, Delphi and the Peloponnese is lively and observant, and his preface strongly argues that Greece, at a time of turmoil in Europe, was deserving of greater support from the western powers. The book will be of interest to scholars and travellers alike.

'No apology can be needed for introducing to English readers the latest work of Leopold von Ranke', states the editor's preface to this English translation, first published in 1884. Ranke (1795-1886) is well known for pioneering the modern historical method which advocates empiricism, rather than a focus on the philosophy of history. Emphasising the importance of presenting history exactly as the surviving evidence, both documentary and archaeological, reveals it to have happened, Ranke asserted that different eras need to be understood in their own contexts rather than in relation to each other. Though it is limited to the Mediterranean and the Middle East, this work takes a broad overview of 'the oldest historical group of nations and the Greeks', beginning with ancient Egypt and concluding with Alexander the Great and his immediate successors. Other works by Ranke in English translation are also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection.

The Scottish social anthropologist Sir James Frazer (1854-1941) first published The Golden Bough in 1890. A seminal two-volume work (reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection), it revolutionised the study of ancient religion through comparative analysis of mythology, rituals and superstitions around the world. Following the completion in 1915 of the revised twelve-volume third edition (also available in this series), Frazer found that he had more to say and further evidence to present. Published in 1936, Aftermath was conceived as a supplement to The Golden Bough, offering his additional findings on such topics as magic, royal and priestly taboos, sacrifice, reincarnation, and all manner of supernatural beliefs spanning cultures, continents and millennia. Sealing Frazer's profound contribution to the study of religion and folklore, this work remains an important text for scholars of anthropology and the history of ideas.

Educated at Christ Church, Oxford, Henry Fynes Clinton (1781-1852) distinguished himself as a classical scholar following an unsuccessful parliamentary career. He first published Fasti Hellenici in 1824; reissued here is the 1827 second edition, which contained a number of additions and corrections. The work received such a favourable reception that it was followed by further instalments in 1830 and 1834. His two-volume Fasti Romani (1840-5) is also reissued in this series. Featuring chronological tables of the civil, military and literary affairs of Greece from 560 to 278 BCE, Fasti Hellenici includes references in the extant sources to the rulers, philosophers and poets of the period. Alongside an essay on demography, the extensive appendices provide further information on kings, tyrants, orators, statesmen and other notables. A valuable contribution to the study of the ancient world, this work testifies to its author's immensely wide and methodical reading in Greek literature.

The Greek mathematician Diophantos of Alexandria lived during the third century CE. Apart from his age (he reached eighty-four), very little else is known about his life. Even the exact form of his name is uncertain, and only a few incomplete manuscripts of his greatest work, Arithmetica, have survived. In this impressive scholarly investigation, first published in 1885, Thomas Little Heath (1861-1940) meticulously presents what can be gleaned from Greek, Latin and Arabic sources, and guides the reader through the algebraist's idiosyncratic style of mathematics, discussing his notation and originality. This was the first thorough survey of Diophantos' work to appear in English. Also reissued in this series are Heath's two-volume History of Greek Mathematics, his treatment of Greek astronomy through the work of Aristarchus of Samos, and his edition in modern notation of the Treatise on Conic Sections by Apollonius of Perga.

The German classical philologist Rudolf Westphal (1826-92) had originally studied theology at the University of Marburg before turning his attention to comparative linguistics. He learnt Sanskrit and Arabic and took a keen interest in Indo-European languages and Semitic grammar. In the late 1850s and early 1860s he joined his friend and fellow philologist August Rossbach (1823-98) at the University of Breslau (Wroclaw) and later taught at Moscow's Imperial Lyceum. In this 1883 work, he gives an extensive account of melody and rhythm in ancient Greek music. Westphal is full of admiration for the philosopher Aristoxenus (born c.370 BCE), whom he hails as 'the founder of musicology'. Following Aristoxenus' distinction between melody (quality of tone) and rhythm (quantity of tone), Westphal divides his work into two parts that describe and exemplify these components in detail. His multi-volume Theorie der musischen Kunste der Hellenen is also reissued in this series.

Rudolf Westphal (1826-92) originally studied theology at the University of Marburg before turning to classical philology and comparative linguistics. He learnt Sanskrit and Arabic and took a keen interest in Indo-European languages and Semitic grammar. In the late 1850s and early 1860s he joined his friend and fellow philologist August Rossbach (1823-98) at the University of Breslau (Wroclaw). This multi-volume work on ancient Greek metre and music resulted from their collaboration. Reissued here is the revised third edition published in four parts between 1885 and 1889. Volume 1 (1885) is given over to Westphal's study of Greek rhythm, noting the contributions made by both ancient and modern thinkers. As in his 1883 Musik des griechischen Alterthumes (also reissued in this series), he pays particular attention to the fourth-century philosopher Aristoxenus, presenting the latter's theories on rhythm.

Rudolf Westphal (1826-92) originally studied theology at the University of Marburg before turning to classical philology and comparative linguistics. He learnt Sanskrit and Arabic and took a keen interest in Indo-European languages and Semitic grammar. In the late 1850s and early 1860s he joined his friend and fellow philologist August Rossbach (1823-98) at the University of Breslau (Wroclaw). This multi-volume work on ancient Greek metre and music resulted from their collaboration. Reissued here is the revised third edition published in four parts between 1885 and 1889. Volume 2 (1886) is devoted to Westphal's thorough account of melody and harmony in Greek music. He provides a general introduction to the development of Greek melody through history as well as an account of Aristoxenus' theory on intervals. The latter part of the volume focuses on the scholarship relating to harmonies and scales.

Rudolf Westphal (1826-92) originally studied theology at the University of Marburg before turning to classical philology and comparative linguistics. He learnt Sanskrit and Arabic and took a keen interest in Indo-European languages and Semitic grammar. In the late 1850s and early 1860s he joined his friend and fellow philologist August Rossbach (1823-98) at the University of Breslau (Wroclaw). This multi-volume work on ancient Greek metre and music resulted from their collaboration. Reissued here is the revised third edition published in four parts between 1885 and 1889. Part 1 of Volume 3 (1887), which features the input of classical scholar Hugo Gleditsch (1837-1913), discusses the distinction drawn by Aristoxenus between singing and speaking. The volume also focuses on prosody and different types of verse feet.

The Greek astronomer and geometrician Apollonius of Perga (c.262-c.190 BCE) produced pioneering written work on conic sections in which he demonstrated mathematically the generation of curves and their fundamental properties. His innovative terminology gave us the terms 'ellipse', 'hyperbola' and 'parabola'. The Danish scholar Johan Ludvig Heiberg (1854-1928), a professor of classical philology at the University of Copenhagen, prepared important editions of works by Euclid, Archimedes and Ptolemy, among others. Published between 1891 and 1893, this two-volume work contains the definitive Greek text of the first four books of Apollonius' treatise together with a facing-page Latin translation. (The fifth, sixth and seventh books survive only in Arabic translation, while the eighth is lost entirely.) Volume 1 contains the first three books, with the editor's introductory matter in Latin.

The Greek astronomer and geometrician Apollonius of Perga (c.262-c.190 BCE) produced pioneering written work on conic sections in which he demonstrated mathematically the generation of curves and their fundamental properties. His innovative terminology gave us the terms 'ellipse', 'hyperbola' and 'parabola'. The Danish scholar Johan Ludvig Heiberg (1854-1928), a professor of classical philology at the University of Copenhagen, prepared important editions of works by Euclid, Archimedes and Ptolemy, among others. Published between 1891 and 1893, this two-volume work contains the definitive Greek text of the first four books of Apollonius' treatise together with a facing-page Latin translation. (The fifth, sixth and seventh books survive only in Arabic translation, while the eighth is lost entirely.) Volume 2 contains the fourth book in addition to other Greek fragments and ancient commentaries, notably that of Eutocius, as well as the editor's Latin prolegomena comparing the various manuscript sources.

Published in 1880-1, this three-volume edition of the extant works of the Greek mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse (c.287-c.212 BCE) was edited by the Danish philologist and historian Johan Ludvig Heiberg (1854-1928), whose Quaestiones Archimedeae (1879) is also reissued in this series. He later discovered a medieval palimpsest containing lost works by Archimedes, which significantly expanded the canon, but the present collection was produced long before this and therefore contains the works known at the time of publication. Heiberg consulted a Florentine codex, which he painstakingly compared with other sources to produce his edition. This first volume contains On the Sphere and the Cylinder (in two books), On the Measurement of a Circle and On Conoids and Spheroids. The texts are given in the original Greek with parallel Latin translation, notes and introductory material.

Published in 1880-1, this three-volume edition of the extant works of the Greek mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse (c.287-c.212 BCE) was edited by the Danish philologist and historian Johan Ludvig Heiberg (1854-1928), whose Quaestiones Archimedeae (1879) is also reissued in this series. He later discovered a medieval palimpsest containing lost works by Archimedes, which significantly expanded the canon, but the present collection was produced long before this and therefore contains the works known at the time of publication. Heiberg consulted a Florentine codex, which he painstakingly compared with other sources to produce his edition. This second volume contains On Spirals, On the Equilibrium of Planes, The Sand Reckoner, The Quadrature of the Parabola, On Floating Bodies, the Liber Assumptorum (now thought to be apocryphal), the cattle problem and fragments. The texts are given in the original Greek with parallel Latin translation, notes and introductory material.

Published in 1880-1, this three-volume edition of the extant works of the Greek mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse (c.287-c.212 BCE) was edited by the Danish philologist and historian Johan Ludvig Heiberg (1854-1928), whose Quaestiones Archimedeae (1879) is also reissued in this series. He later discovered a medieval palimpsest containing lost works by Archimedes, which significantly expanded the canon, but the present collection was produced long before this and therefore contains the works known at the time of publication. Heiberg consulted a Florentine codex, which he painstakingly compared with other sources to produce his edition. This third volume contains the editor's Latin prolegomena - his own extended essay on the works of Archimedes - followed by the commentaries on Archimedes by Eutocius of Ascalon (c.480-c.540) and indexes. The texts are given in the original Greek with parallel Latin translation, notes and introductory material.

Born in Dublin and classically educated at Trinity College, James Henry (1798-1876) practised as a doctor for more than twenty years before an inheritance allowed him to focus on the close study of Virgil's Aeneid. Travelling extensively across Europe, Henry conferred with eminent scholars and consulted numerous manuscripts. After the death of his wife in 1849, he was accompanied and ably assisted in his quest by his sole surviving daughter, Katherine Olivia (1830-72). In 1853 he published in Dresden his textual analysis of the poem's first six books. Reissued here is the version that appeared in Britain in 1859. This painstaking research was in turn incorporated into Henry's monumental multi-volume commentary, Aeneidea, published between 1873 and 1892 and now also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection. The present work throws much light on both the ancient text and the approach of an idiosyncratic and indefatigable Virgilian scholar.

The philologist Georg Friedrich Grotefend (1775-1853) combined his career as a senior master at schools in Frankfurt and Hannover with the publication of school textbooks on German and Latin, and academic research in ancient history and languages. He was a co-founder of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica series of historical sources, still widely consulted today, and is also remembered for his role in deciphering Old Persian cuneiform. During his lifetime he was best known for his study of the geography and history of pre-Roman Italy (published 1840-2 and also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection) and his analyses of the fragmentary evidence for the Umbrian and Oscan languages, published in Latin in 1835-9 and now reissued in this volume. Inscriptions from buildings, tablets, coins and vessels allow Grotefend to reconstruct significant portions of the grammars of these early languages belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European family.

The philologist Georg Friedrich Grotefend (1775-1853) combined his career as a senior master at schools in Frankfurt and Hannover with the publication of school textbooks on German and Latin, and academic research in ancient history and languages. He was a co-founder of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica series of historical sources, still widely consulted today, and is also remembered for his role in the decipherment of Old Persian cuneiform. During his lifetime he was best known for his studies of the Umbrian and Oscan languages (also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection) and this collection of essays on the geography and history of pre-Roman Italy, published 1840-2. Grotefend emphasises the need to consult the earliest, near-contemporary Greek sources, rather than relying on later accounts. He discusses Greek and Roman myths relating to Italy, the different ethnic groups within the pre-Roman population, and evidence for their family or clan names.

Walter Leaf (1852-1927), banker, classicist and alpinist, held various positions as chairman of the Westminster Bank, founder of the London Chamber of Commerce and president of the Hellenic Society, reflecting his wide-ranging professional and scholarly interests. Leaf was educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow in 1875. As a scholar, Leaf was concerned with uncovering the physical reality of the classical world, and in this 1912 work he 'aims at testing the tradition of the Trojan War by comparing the text of Homer with the natural conditions described, or more often implicitly assumed, in the Iliad'. This book draws on the archaeological work of Schliemann and Dorpfeld at Troy, but also on Leaf's own expert knowledge of the Iliad (of which his two-volume edition is also reissued in this series), thereby providing a thorough exploration of the historical geography of the Troad.

Eugenie Strong (nee Sellers, 1860-1943) studied classics at Girton College, Cambridge, and then classical archaeology in London. Her translations of Schuchardt's account of Schliemann's excavations at Troy, and of Furtwangler's Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture, are also reissued in this series. Among other distinctions, she was the first female student of the British School at Athens, and in 1909 (partly as a result of the 1907 publication of this book) was appointed assistant director of the British School at Rome. Roman sculpture had consistently been regarded as the 'poor relation' of what was seen as the superior art of Greece, but in this highly illustrated work, covering the period from Augustus to Constantine, Strong argues both for its particular aesthetic qualities and also for its importance as occupying a special place 'at the psychological moment when the Antique passes from the service of the Pagan State into that of Christianity'.

The classical scholar J. P. Mahaffy (1839-1919) is known equally for his work on Greek texts and Egyptian papyri (his edition of The Flinders Petrie Papyri is reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection). He graduated from Trinity College, Dublin, and spent the rest of his working life there, ultimately as provost from 1914 until his death. In this illustrated 1887 work, Mahaffy describes Alexander's extraordinary conquest of territories in Europe, Africa and Asia, the collapse of his empire after his death, and the later subjugation of the successor kingdoms to the power of Rome. With his American collaborator Arthur Gilman (1837-1909), Mahaffy discusses Alexander's place in history before giving a close account of his career and death. The successor dynasties, and dominant rulers such as Demetrius II and Pyrrhus, their feuds and their attempted resistance to the rise of Rome, are depicted in an engaging and dramatic narrative.

Eduard Meyer (1855-1930) was a distinguished German historian of antiquity whose interests spanned ancient Greece, Rome and Egypt. After his doctoral studies he worked as private tutor for the British consul general in Constantinople. He lectured on ancient history at various German universities and became a professor at Berlin University (1902-23), where he was appointed rector in 1919. This book on the origins of the Roman Empire was first published in 1918; this reissue reproduces the 1922 third printing. It describes the rise of Pompey and his relations with Caesar and Crassus, the rift between Pompey and Caesar, and the civil war. Meyer analyses Caesar's ambitions, the interventions of Sallust and Cicero, and the socio-economic and military situation of the Roman empire under Caesar, before describing the conspiracy that led to his murder. He supports his arguments by close reference to contemporary Latin sources.

The French historian Auguste Bouche-Leclercq (1842-1923) made major contributions to our knowledge of the Hellenistic period. A member of the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, he was also made an officer of the Legion d'Honneur. Bouche-Leclercq is also considered the first modern historian of astrology: he had developed a long-lasting interest in divination during his extensive researches on ancient Greek civilisation. This field had not been considered worthy of serious scholarly study until he published his Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquite between 1879 and 1882. L'Astrologie grecque, first published in 1899, is another important work, still referred to today. Bouche-Leclercq looks back to the oriental roots of Greek astrology. He delves into the specific influence of the zodiac signs, and explains how the celestial sphere was divided in order to draw horoscopes. Other topics include astrology in Roman culture, as well as astrological medicine.

James Rennell (1742-1830) could be claimed as the father of historical geography. After a long career at sea and in India, during which he had learned surveying and cartography, he returned to England and entered the circle of Sir Joseph Banks, who encouraged him to widen his interests to include the geography of the ancient world. In this work, published in 1814, Rennell compares the actual topography of the area in which Troy was believed to be located with the accounts of ancient commentators on Homer, with the Homeric accounts themselves, and finally with the work of ancient geographers. Without offering his own solution to the problem, he demolishes with zest the then current theory that Troy was located at the village of Bournabashi - a conclusion with which Heinrich Schliemann later agreed. Rennell's posthumously published work on the topography of Western Asia is also reissued in this series.

The German classical philologist Friedrich August Wolf (1759-1824) developed a holistic approach which deeply influenced modern classical studies. In this 1795 treatise, he argues that the poems attributed to Homer were composed orally and that, prior to their transcription, they were altered by editors and performers in order to appeal to contemporary audiences, only coming together in their apparent artistic unity once they had been written down. Like many scholars of his day, seeking to reach an international audience, Wolf wrote in Latin here. And although he may have intended to address further questions relating to the Homeric epics, only this volume was ever published. Radical at the time, the arguments presented here now form the foundation of modern Homeric scholarship, shedding light on the composition, performance, transmission and evolution of ancient poetry.

A prolific philologist of both the German and classical languages, Moriz Haupt (1808-74) enjoyed a successful academic career at the universities of Leipzig and Berlin. As well as founding the Zeitschrift fur deutsches Altertum, which is still published, he was a painstaking yet somewhat bold editor of many classical texts. In the years immediately following his death, his shorter works were gathered together in this three-volume collection, edited by fellow philologist Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848-1931). Volume 1 (1875) contains essays by Haupt in both Latin and German on a variety of classical subjects. Included here are his Quaestiones Catullianae (1837), an analysis of a fragment of a Pindaric dithyramb, and a commentary on the bucolic poems of Calpurnius and Nemesianus. This work remains of value to researchers interested in the history of classical scholarship, particularly the significant contributions made by German scholars in the nineteenth century.

A prolific philologist of both the German and classical languages, Moriz Haupt (1808-74) enjoyed a successful academic career at the universities of Leipzig and Berlin. As well as founding the Zeitschrift fur deutsches Altertum, which is still published, he was a painstaking yet somewhat bold editor of many classical texts. In the years immediately following his death, his shorter works were gathered together in this three-volume collection, edited by fellow philologist Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848-1931). Volume 2 (1876) contains the Latin text of forty-two lectures delivered by Haupt twice a year at the University of Berlin between 1854 and 1874. The lectures cover a variety of topics concerning classical texts, philology and literature, including an exposition of the forgeries by Simeon Bosius of the texts of Catullus. This work remains of value to researchers interested in nineteenth-century German classical scholarship.

John William Donaldson (1811-61), though somewhat unorthodox in his methods, was an important, if controversial, figure in the development of comparative philology. In this 1844 publication, he attempts to supply young English scholars of Latin with an introductory guide to Latin philology by outlining the origins of the Roman people and, through this, explaining the foundational structures of the Latin language and how they gave rise to Classical Latin. Epigraphic evidence, drawn from the Twelve Tables in particular, is examined as part of the enquiry into Old Latin, and other Italic languages such as Umbrian, Oscan and Etruscan are considered as part of the development of a more standardised Latin language. Although many of the conclusions Donaldson draws are based on limited evidence, the book remains an interesting specimen of early comparative philology. His earlier work on Greek, The New Cratylus (1839), is also reissued in this series.

This hugely influential work of 1861 is probably the one for which Sir Henry Maine (1822-88) is best remembered. Appointed Regius Professor of Civil Law at Cambridge when he was only twenty-five, Maine then became Reader in Roman law and jurisprudence at the Council of Legal Education, which had been established in London in 1852 by the Inns of Court, and combined this post with research and journalism. He was interested in the relationship between the law and the society that both shaped it and consented to be regulated by it, and drew on historical examples from the culture of many Indo-European societies to further his arguments on the development of law as a vital component of civilisation. Published at a time when the evolution of institutions as well as of species was a topic of widespread interest, this remains a landmark work in the intellectual history of legal studies.

Sir James Frazer (1854-1941) is best remembered for his monumental study of ancient religion, The Golden Bough (of which the first and third editions are both reissued in this series). He also produced a translation of and commentary on the Description of Greece of Pausanias, the second-century CE traveller and antiquarian, and the first piece in this 1900 compilation of Frazer's 'sketches' is the introductory essay to that work. Short descriptions then follow of the present-day appearance of over ninety places visited by Pausanias, and the work ends with an essay on Pericles and the effect of the period of his rule on the art and architecture of Athens. This fascinating work is imbued with Frazer's enthusiasm for, and knowledge of, the topography of ancient Greece, and will be of interest not only to scholars but also to visitors to the country.

The Greek geographer and historian Strabo is known chiefly for this remarkable description of the known world in the early decades of the Roman Empire. The range and importance of the text ensured its copying and distribution in the medieval period, and multiple printed editions appeared later. Reissued here is the version published by the influential French publishing house Didot in 1853 as part of their series of Greek classics. It was prepared by the German classical scholars Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Muller (1813-94) and Johann Friedrich Dubner (1802-67). Muller's two-volume collection of the writings of lesser-known Greek geographers, Geographi Graeci Minores (1855-61), is also reissued in this series. The full text of Strabo's seventeen books is presented here in Greek with a parallel Latin translation as well as variant readings. Also included are several maps and a substantial index of names and places.