Böcker i Heritage-serien

Food banks, welfare cheques, and shelters for the homeless are the modern face of a timeless problem. Rosalind Michison explores the historical context of poverty and relief in a study that covers four centuries of European history. During the sixteenth century, authorities (both lay and ecclesiastical) and individuals alike showed a marked concern over the state of the poor in Western Europe. Mitchison analyses the nature of this concern and its possible causes. She then examines relief system as set up in various countries, comparing the approach of Catholic and Protestant states, and assessing what they had achieved by the mid-eighteenth century. Among the issues she discusses are the problems of funding and different possible bases for this, the issue of church or state control of poor relief, and the role of military developments in changing attitudes towards poverty and destitution. The last section of the book concentrates on developments within Britain and Ireland and examines the influence of social theories on the quality of provision. The chapters carry notes containing references to particular studies on various countries. These are supplemented by a further bibliography. In all, this is a thoughtful and timely overview of an important segment of European social history.

Schools have taught us to expect that people should live in separate national states. But the historical records shows that ethnic homogeneity was a barbarian trait; civilized societies mingled peoples of diverse backgrounds into ethnically plural and hierarchically ordered polities. The exception was northwestern Europe. There, peculiar circumstances permitted the preservation of a fair simulacrum of national unity while a complex civilization developed. The ideal of national unity was enthusiastically propagated by historians and teachers even in parts of Europe where mingled nationalities prevailed. Overseas, European empires and zones for settlement were always ethnically plural; but in northwestern Europe the tide has turned only since about 1920, and now diverse groups abound in Paris and London as well as in New York and Sydney. Age-old factors promoting the mingling of diverse populations have asserted this power, and continue to do so even when governments in the ex-colonial lands of Africa and Asia are trying hard to create new nations within what are sometimes quite arbitrary boundaries. In demonstrating how unusual and transitory the concept of national ethnic homogeneity has been in world history, William McNeill offers an understanding that may help human minds to adjust to the social reality around them.

This analysis of Georges Sorel's ideas on revolution and the original translations of some of his little-known writings on this theme offer a critical reassessment of Sorel's place in modern political thought. By turns conservative pessimist, social democrat, revolutionary syndicalist, and reactionary, Sorel is a perplexing figure. He has long been regarded as one of a generation of intellectuals who abandoned reason for violence, theoretical reflection for practical commitment. But according to Sorel -- as the title of his most notorious book makes clear -- the task of the theoretician is to reflect on violence. He maintained that reflection discloses the limited and deficient character of practical thought, but he also recognized that the springs of action escape the grasp of the reflective theorist. It was this distinctness of theory and practice that Soreal attempted to come to terms with in his thinking on revolution. If revolution is a violent action, it is also a process of structural change which the actors themselves do not comprehend. This theme enables the reader to grasp a significant degree of continuity among some of Sorel's bewilderingly diverse positions. Moreover, it accounts for much of his critique of Marxism and his sceptical reflects on Marxian notions of history, class, consciousness, and party. Placed in the context of modern revolutionary thinking, Sorel is an eccentric figure but not an irrelevant one, for his approach points to some of the difficulties in the idea of revolution that were largely overlooked by the 'New Left.'

In the intensity of current theoretical debates, critics and students of literature are sometimes in danger of losing sight of the most basic principles and presuppositions of their discipline, of the underlying connections between attitudes to truth and the study of literature. Aware of this danger, Mario Valdes has taken up the challenge of retracing the historical and philosophical background of his own approach to literature, the application of phenomenological philosophy to the interpretation of texts. Phenomenological hermeneutics, Valdes reminds us, participates in a long-standing tradition of textual commentary that originates in the Renaissance and achieves full force in the work of Giambattista Vico by the middle of the eighteenth century. Valdes characterizes this tradition as the embodiment of a relational rather than an absolutist epistemology: its practitioners do not seek fixed and exclusive meanings in texts but regard the literary work of art as an experience that is shared within a community of readers and commentators, and enriched by the historical continuity of that community. Valdes demonstrates the vigour of the tradition and community he has inherited in a brief survey of such relational commentators as Vico, Juan Luis Vives, Wilhelm von Humboldt, Unamuno, Croce, and Collingwood. He elaborates the contemporary contribution of phenomenological hermeneutics to the tradition, referring particularly to the work of Paul Ricoeur. In arguing for a living and evolving community of criticism, he contests both the historicist imposition of closure on texts and the radical scepticism of the deconstructionists. And in reading of works by Octavio Paz and Jorge Luis Borges, he offers a model for the continuing celebration of the living literary text.

The dramatic traditions and conventions available to Shakespeare at the time he wrote King Lear were so rich and varied as to constitute an extremely resonant and complex vocabulary, one that Shakespeare fully utilized to shape his audience's response and to create the unique world of this play. Professor Reibetanz argues that many of the qualities that set Lear apart from Shakespeare's other tragedies are those it shares with Jacobean drama rather than with earlier Elizabethan drama. The tightly enclosed world of the play, operating within an internal logic independent of the real world, reflects a structure, to cultivate sheer virtuosity of technique, however, Shakespeare used it to reinforce a profound, archetypal emotional experience, an effect more characteristic of Greek than of Jacobean tragedy. Shakespeare's use of popular Elizabethan conventions of character definition similarly conveys the elemental quality of a play-world detached from ordinary reality. Yet Shakespeare adopts the conventions not to catapult his characters into the abstract and theoretical world of earlier drama but to apply the power of that world to an essentially human experience. The play asserts, structurally and thematically, the dominance of feeling above form.The Lear World reflects the depth and eclecticism of Shakespeare's use of dramatic traditions, and deepens our understanding of a compelling and powerful tragedy.

The moralistic tendencies that culminated in the Republic of Virtue can be traced in literature back to the late seventeenth century. In the 1690s two separate and antithetical moralities began to take shape, one erotic and libertine, the other highly moralistic. Both represented a revolt against the formalism of the seventeenth century. The roman erotique was rooted in a hedonistic philosophy whose objective was to enlarge the scope of freedom, translated in sexual terms, while the moralistic literature, also influenced by philosophical hedonism, was sentimental, romantic, and defended the Christian idea of love and marriage. Roberts discards some of the common presuppositions of historical and literary criticism, for example, that the literature of sensibility was the reaction of the bourgeoisie against the degenerate aristocracy, and that the libertine literature was created by and accurately portrayed the aristocracy. Such explanations have never been supported by valid evidence. Roberts shows that the bourgeoisie, even when most critical of the aristocracy, was emulating the aristocratic way of life, and that the aristocracy, even at its most degenerate, was susceptible to the moral influences revealed in contemporary art. 'Once the dikes of traditional morality broke,' Roberts explains, 'two responses took place. First, authors reacted against the severity of the seventeenth century, which led to a literature of libertinism and eventually of pornography. Secondly, an attempt was made to retain the loftiness of seventeenth-century morality, but to place that morality on new foundations, the result being sentimentalism, and later, classicism.' And out of this dialectical process came a third, dualistic current of literature and art combining hedonism, and sometimes perversity and pornography, with a condemnation of the social order, a call for moral regeneration, and a utopian vision of the future. This is a highly original study of social morality in pre-Revolutionary French and of its reflection in literature and art.

Railways presented nineteenth century governments with political as well as economic problems: their inherently monopolistic tendencies were recognized almost from the start. Hence the widely accepted notions of laissez-faire did not apply. The book traces government regulation of British railways from its beginnings in 1840. Based on departmental records, the private papers of politicians and administrators, and the archives of the companies themselves, it shows how far state intervention could go even in an age of individualism. For the student of government, it throws new light on the process of administrative decision-making, the sources of legislation and the workings of interest groups. Historians will find accounts of the origin of administrative law and the working of the civil service in the last days of patronage. For those interested primarily in railways, the book shows the influence of government on the development of such devices as interlocking signals, block working and continuous brakes.

Le Canada francais a ete observe par des auteurs comme Thoreau et Tocqueville, et a ete etudie par les historiens et les sociologues d'aujourd'hui, surtout par les Canadians francais eux-memes. Ces etudes, ecrites au moment ou se deroule la "e;revolution tranquille"e; du Quebec, veulent faire miqux connaitre les institutions qui y subissent des transformations rapides et profondes. La diversite des textes -- tous les auteurs n'appartiennent pas a la meme ecole de pensee -- est en elle-meme significative: elle soulingne que le caractere longtemps monolithique de la pensee canadienne-francaise est en voie de disparaitre, s'il n'est pas deja disparu. Les textes du volume sont precedes d'une introduction generale par Jean-Charles Falardeau. Il s'y pose des questions au sujet des institutions: quelles ont ete les institutions dominantes de la societe canadienne-francaise, et pourquoi ? Quelles sont celles qui ont fait defaut, et pourquoi ? Quels groupes sociaux one ete associes a telles institutions caracteristiques ? Quelles conceptions en ont-ils proposees, a quelles fins les ont-ils fait servir ? Ces interrogations permettent de mettre en relief, comme il dit, "e;certaines causes de nos retards et de nos elans, les decalages entre notre vie politique et notre vie culturelle, les relations et les conflits entre ceux qui ont constitue les elites de notre societe."e; Viennent ensuite des etudes precises et detaillees de quelques aspects de l'organisation sociale du Canada francais par cinq erudits distingues, soit Maurice Lebel ("e;Les cadres religieux"e;), Louis-Philippe Audet ("e;Les cadres scolaires"e;), Jean-Charles Bon-enfant ("e;Les cadres politiques"e;), Louis Baudoin ("e;Les cadres juridiques"e;), et Gerard Parizeau ("e;Les cadres economiques"e;).

This is a study of British agricultural policy since the war -- during a period which has seen the adoption of a comprehensive system of agricultural support which has seen the adoption of a comprehensive system of agricultural support which stands in marked contrast to the free trade policy adhered to for so long in the past. The policy of support has brought a substantial increase in the output of British agriculture, but it has imposed a heavy burden on the taxpayer and has often been the subject of controversy. Mr. McCrone considers the economic issues involved: he sets out the implications of the present policy and compares the role of agriculture in Britain with the part it plays in other countries; he analyses the contribution of agriculture to the balance of payments and considers the prospects for Britain's imported food supplies. This involved an analysis of the main sources of Britain's food supply and the likely effects of economic development both on the exporting countries and on other potential food importers. The effects of the European Common Market are considered and the British system of support is contrasted with that used in other European countries. The book concludes with an assessment of the prospects for British agriculture and the part required of it in the national economy.

Education is a powerful factor in determining the shape of a modern society. Recognition of its importance for the wealth and power of a society has risen dramatically in recent years. As a result, the 'demand' for education has increased; and education has assumed a prominent place among contemporary public issues. This change in the relationship between 'education' and 'politics' has, in turn, tended to disrupt the operation of established institutions and procedures for making educational policy and caused a search for new organizational forms. Educational policy-making in England and Wales in the 1940s and early 1950s was characterized by a closed partnership of the Ministry of Education, the local education authorities, and the teachers' unions. The circumstances which made their relationship easy and viable changed as the demand for education increased during the later 1950s and early 1960s, and the institutions and procedures which typified the earlier period -- the National Advisory Council for the Training and Supply of Teachers, the Secondary Schools Examinations Council, the Burnham Main Committee -- were put under pressure to change as well.Teachers and Politics describes the main institutions and procedures for making national education policy in England and Wales since 1944 and attempts to assess the effect that post-war changes in the demand for education have had on them. The analysis is given special focus by its emphasis on the ability of teachers' unions, especially the National Union of Teachers, to influence the making of educational policy.

In 1804 an Ojibwa named Ogetonicut was facing trial in Upper Canada for the murder of a white settler. The prisoner was being transported from Toronto to Newcastle, the site of the trial, aboard the Speedy. Also on board to participate in the trial were some of the most important figures in the justice system of Upper Canada. The trial never took place: the Speedy vanished in a storm on Lake Ontario, taking with her the accused, his jailer, the judge, the lawyers, and all other passengers. Brendan O'Brien recreates the wreck of the Speedy in this exciting account. In the process he examines several related issues, including the administration of justice for native people in Upper Canada, the reasons for the disappearance of the vessel, and the role of the governor in the tragedy.

The textbook has long been the most popular instrument of instruction in the hands of educators. Its wide-spread use has at the same time provided one of the most controversial issues in education, for it has been regarded both as the cause of educational problems, and as their solution.The purpose of this book is to investigate the changing policies which have affected the authorization of textbooks for elementary schools. Since Ontario sets precedents for the other provinces, it deals with tests in Ontario, from 1846 when the practice of authorization began, to 1950, when the system of authorizing a single text for each subject was terminated. It is concerned chiefly with the policies of the Ontario Department of Education which directed and controlled the selection, preparation, and authorization of textbooks. Between 1846 and 1950 texts for the elementary schools of the province were regulated by legislation which changed remarkably little. The purpose of this legislation was to provide for a supply of books at reasonable cost, to ensure uniformity in classroom instruction, and to counteract the influence of American textbook material. In 1945 a Royal Commission to study the educational system of Ontario was appointed; part of its task was to inquire into and report on the provincial educational system, including courses of study and textbooks. In 1950 the Commission produced its report; its recommendations, with a few modifications, became a part of the policy of the Department of Education by September that year. Authorization of single textbooks was discontinued and the policy of approved lists was adopted to the end of the tenth grade.Miss Parvin here examines the textbook regulations in force at various times during the period from 1846 to 1950, and discusses the characteristics of several series of texts that have been used in the schools of the province. An extensive bibliography of Ontario school books is included. Her book will be valuable to everyone who is concerned with education, and with the history of education.

During the 1964 winter term distinguished scholars presented the Frank Gerstein Lectures for 1964, the third series of Invitation Lectures to be delivered at York University. The theme "e;Religion and the University"e; was selected, states President Murray Ross in his Introduction, because of a desire to raise some important and highly relevant questions concerning the place and nature of religion in the university. Jaroslav Jan Pelikan, defending research in religious studies at the secular university, maintains that the university atmosphere helps contribute to excellence in theological and biblical scholarship, and in the education of the clergy, and that the housing of such studies in the university is valuable, too, in facilitating exchanges of methods and materials with other academic disciplines. He insists that any religious faith must be able to stand up to objective research. William G. Pollard believes that the scientific age has imprisoned the mind and spirit of man. He challenges the university to seek actively the recovery of the capacity, lost by modern man, to respond to and know a whole range of reality external to himself, which Western man, in earlier centuries, quite naturally possessed. Maurice N. Eisendrath urges that now, as in biblical times, there is a need for angry men -- with anger defined as "e;righteous wrath"e; -- to speak out against social injustices. He feels that the expression of this anger is the responsibility of the university as well as the church. Charles Moeller, discussing the importance of the humanistic approach in religion, maintains that there is no conflict between religious studies and the liberty of scientific research. He begins by stating contemporary criticisms of the Roman Catholic church, including the objections of the Marxists and the Existentialists, and of the modern man who thinks religion has nothing to offer as a solution to contemporary problems. He believes that such criticisms are the reverse side of a "e;process of purification"e; of both the Roman Catholic Church and religion in general. He goes on to show how the university is an ideal place for the critical study of contemporary irreligion. Finally, Alexander Wittenberg, in his discussion of the relationship between religion and the educational function of the university, states that while religion is the private concern of the individual, it has a legitimate role in extracurricular university life, where its function is an enrichment of the student's inner experience and vision of life, and a broadening and deepening of his capacity for empathy. To accomplish this he must be prepared to understand living with a religious faith, with a different faith, and without a faith, and it is the duty of the university to make possible this experience and this understanding.

Wilhelm Dilthey (1833-1911), a philosopher who has influenced twentieth-century intellectual history via such thinkers as Heidegger, Jaspers, Ortega y Gasset, and Max Scheler, is subjected to careful analysis in this book. What emerges is a reinterpretation of his theory of understanding (Verstehen) and historical knowledge. The concept of understanding for which Dilthey became famous was developed only after 1900, in the third and final phase of his career, but it was an approach to the problem or set of problems that had preoccupied him throughout his entire intellectual career. To delineate this doctrine and its place in Dilthey's thinking on history, the author discusses Dilthey's early views on history as a science, his efforts to divide the various sciences into two major types, and his attempt to develop a psychology that would serve as a foundation for the Geisteswissenschaften. The decisive shift in Dilthey's post-1900 thought came when he began to look beyond psychology to culture, to meaning-lade expressions of the human spirit. The understanding of these expressions in the other public world, he decided, was the basic cognitive operation on which the Geisteswissenschaften, including the historical sciences, could be built. Dilthey's analysis of understanding, the core of his later philosophy, draws on this hermeneutic tradition and advances it. His philosophical outlook also has important existential applications that have stimulated twentieth-century has important existential applications that have stimulated twentieth-century thought. The central problem for him was that of the relation between the individual and the whole of wholes with which his life is interwoven, and his solution was 'understanding,' an ability which enables the individual to transcend the confines of self and to seek communion with a more encompassing whole.

Leibniz's theory of knowledge, unlike his logic and metaphysics, has until now received little attention from philosophers.This book attempts to give coherence to the elements of his epistemology, scattered as they are throughout his writings, by seeking to determine what Leibniz meant when, on three occasions and each time without explanation, he said that thought and the faculty of understanding are the products of the conjoining of apperception and perception. To discover what he meant is to arrive at his conception of what on the side of the mind constitutes the necessary and sufficient conditions of knowledge.Almost half of the study is taken up with Leibniz's theory of perception -- with its initially strange notion of perception as expression and as activity -- and with such questions as: What is sensation and how is it related to perception and apperception? How are the soul's perceptions produced? The answer to the last question involves a new look at Leibniz's theory of causation. In turn, consideration of the nature of thought raises questions as to how apperception can give rise to concepts, what different concepts there are, and what principles are operative in rational thought. Finally, the book examines the roles played by the senses and the understanding in the knowledge and experience of sensible phenomena.Throughout the book Professor McRae endeavours to give teleology no less importance than that given it by Leibniz himself, especially in the consideration of perception and of the possibility of the knowledge and experience of phenomena.

Modern men regard themselves as essentially historical beings who are free to make themselves and their world through the power of modern science and technology. In these conceptions of history and freedom which dominate modern thinking lies a dilemma. Joan O'Donovan explores George Grant's thought about this dilemma and the possibilities of political action and reflection in our age.She finds that Grant regards man's historical self-consciousness at the basis of the crisis in the public realm, for it excludes the formative Western traditions of freedom and justice which are rooted in Biblical Christianity and Greek philosophy. The problem posed for political philosophy today by the eclipse of this Western heritage is the controlling problem of history in Grant's work.The author examines the various phases of Grant's formulation of the problem of history over several decades in light of his intellectual influences and public involvements. She shows how his early patriotic and conservative allegiances give way in the '50s to a concern with recovering the Western tradition of freedom in tis theological and philosophical unity, an how this concern receives its most optimist statement in the cautious Hegelianism of Philosophy in the Mass Age (1959). She looks at the dissolution of Grant's liberal synthesis under the impact of the writings of Leo Strauss and interprets the ironies and ambiguities of Grant's pessimism in the essays of Technology and Empire (1969) and English-Speaking Justice (1974) which were inspired by his reading of Nietzsche and Heidegger, and draws out the elements of his tragic historical vision. Finally, she subjects Grant's thinking about history to theological criticism, setting out some theoretical alternatives to historicism within Christian political thought.

One answer to unemployment is to spread available opportunities among more people. This book examines the advantages and disadvantages for labour, management, and government of two related types of innovative work arrangements: worksharing - the shortening of the work week to prevent layoffs; and jobsharing - the conversion of full-time jobs into permanent part-time positions to suit changing employee preferences.The effect of such a plan is studied in relation to costs to the government, unemployment rates, work incentives, and employer's labour costs. The impact on junior and senior employees, and on the union, is also considered. In relation to jobsharing, the authors predict a continuing increase in the number of persons preferring permanent part-time employment. This comes from the rising number of multiple-earner families, changing values about male and female roles in the labour force, and the desire for a more flexible and gradual approach to retirement. The authors conclude with recommendation for policy changes to encourage worksharing and accommodate jobsharing.

This volume presents a unified and up-to-date account of the theory and methods of applying one of the most useful and widely applicable techniques of data analysis, 'dual scaling.' It addresses issues of interest to a wide variety of researchers concerned with data that are categorical in nature or by design: in the life sciences, the social sciences, and statistics.The eight chapters introduce the nature of categorical data and concept of dual scaling and present the applications of dual scaling to different forms of categorical data: the contingency table, the response-frequency table, the response-pattern table for multiple-choice data, ranking and paired comparison data, multidimensional tables, partially ordered and successively ordered categories, and incomplete data. The book also includes appendices outlining a minimum package of matrix calculus and a small FORTRAN program.Clear, concise, and comprehensive, Analysis of Categorical Data will be a useful textbook or handbook for students and researcher in a variety of fields.

Water is fundamental to human life, and the ways in which a society uses it can tell us a great deal about a people. The ancient Greeks and Romans had at their disposal several mechanical water-lifting devices. The water-screw, the force pump, the compartmented wheel, and the bucket-chain were developed by scientists associated with the great school at Alexandria. Application of these devices was sporadic in the Hellenistic world, but they, and the later saqiya gear, were used in a wide range of rural and urban settings in many parts of the Roman Empire.Professor Oleson has prepared a definitive study of mechanical water-lifting devices in the Greek and Roman world. He systematically and thoroughly examines the literary, papyrological, and archaeological evidence for the devices and considers the design, materials, settings, costs, effectiveness, and durability of the many adaptations of the small basic repertoire of models. The literary and papyrological materials range from Deuteronomy to papyri of the seventh century AD, and the archaeological sites discussed range from Babylon to Wales.An extensive collection of illustrations complements the literary, papyrological, and archaeological evidence for this remarkable ancient technology.

This is an analysis of English studies in higher education, addressed in particular to practitioners in the field - teachers and students. As Heather Murray states in her introduction, those who work in English are likely to have a stronger sense of critical history than of disciplinary history. She contends that, in order to understand and reform the discipline of English studies, it is necessary to shift the focus of examination 'down and back' - to look at ordinary and often taken-for-granted disciplinary practices (such as pedagogy), and to extend the historical frame. Murray begins with an examination of some important historical moments in the developments of the discipline in Canada: the appointment in 1889 of W.J. Alexander as first professor of English at the University of Toronto; the twenty-five-year experiment early in this century in rhetorical and dramatic education for women that the Margaret Eaton School of Literature and Expression represented; and the entry of 'theory' into the English-Canadian academy. The second section examines some of the common features and routines of English departments, such as curriculum design, seminar groups, tests and assignments, essay questions, and the conference, in order to establish the critical/political principles that underpin study and teaching in the academy today. In this section, Murray also focuses on the role of women as students and teachers of English. The final section surveys the literature available for further research on the discipline and for constructing a history of English studies in Canada.Theory/Culture

The reconnaissances of this book are ventures in the deep analysis of the unconscious as testified to by world ethnography. The topics examined are the image of the half-man, the operation of analogical classification, and ideas about sovereign powers to which men conceive themselves as subject. In each case, analysis brings out remarkable uniformities on a global scale. These cultural similarities are not correlated with particular social forms or linguistic traditions, and in their characteristics features they are not the products of deliberate cogitation or creative invention. The formal attributes they share are that they are premised on binary opposition and symmetry. The argument is that, intrinsically, the social facts in question are spontaneous products of unconscious 'cerebrational vectors,' and that they are archetypes of human experience.The three studies included in the volume, originally delivered as lectures at the University of Toronto in 1978, form an important sequel to Needham's previous book, Primordial Characters, and further develop certain of its analytical themes and substantive issues.

Certain regions of Canada suffer chronically from social and economic underdevelopment. Economists, geographers, and sociologists have written voluminously about the problem; politicians and policy-makers have mounted grand schemes in a vain effort to rectify imbalances; and planners have created and implemented programs in order to satisfy political exigencies, vested power elites, or the discontent of the Canadian citizens who inhabit these regions. Matthews, in a lucid, systematic analysis of regionalism and regional underdevelopment in Canada (particularly Atlantic Canada), takes us through the academic cant, political puffery, and bureaucratic bumbling to show how regional disparity and regional underdevelopment are the result of exploitation by powerful central Canadian interests - often acting in concert with and aided by the federal government, and too often armed with theoretical models and justifications designed by 'establishment' economists to legitimate their self-interests.He provides a devastating critique of the neo-classical economic and other models that have been created to analyse regional disparities, and in their place champions an approach that rejects economic determinism and structural determinism. He maintains that individuals bring about change and development and individuals, he asserts, are capable of acting in the general interest and not simply out of class interest.The Creation of Regional Dependency makes a landmark contribution to our understanding of the causes of regional dependency in this country and original contribution to the study of Canadian society.

In nine studies which make up this book Professor Skilling analyses the development of the communist systems in the various countries of Eastern Europe, with special emphasis on developments following the 22nd Congress in 1961. His conclusion is that the future of communism is, to a large extent, not only out of the control of the West, but out of the control of the Communist leaders as well. For Western policy he advocates a subtle and restrained approach, avoiding both the extreme attitude of regarding communism as a monolithic enemy bloc, and that of seeking openly to divide and separate the communist states from one another. The most likely trend, he predicts, will be evolution within communism, rather than its total replacement by another system.This work has made a distinctive contribution to studies of Russian and East European affairs. Based on scholarly research, it is written in non-technical language, and succeeds admirably in analysing a very complicated subject in relatively simple terms. It will be read with great interest and profit by students as well as by specialists, and by all the wider public interested in international affairs and in the position of communism in the world today.

For too long the history of Canadian society has been hidden in secondhand bookstores, the dark corners of library stacks, and the privacy of the occasional graduate seminar. Contrary to what often seems the common impression, there is a richness and distinctiveness to our labour history, our urban development, our traditions of regional and cultural conflict, our movements for social reform and justice - to all that vast range of topics, events, issues, and ideas that comprise the social history of a nation. The demands of teachers and students and indeed the general public for material relevant to Canadian social history have been matched only by the frustrations raised by the inaccessibility, sometimes the apparent non-existence, of documents basic to a new understanding of our heritage. It is now time that this heritage be retrieved and made available to everyone. It is the purpose of this new series,a The Social History of Canada,a to help meet these demands. The titles in the series, including The Rapids, will be issued in a common format, in both hardcover and paperback editions, and will deal with all areas of social history. Most of these volumes will consist of a reissue of classic works now out of print - novels, histories, investigations, polemics, tracts; others will contain a compilation of documents in areas where there are no worthwhile book-length studies. Each work will have a new introduction by a scholar who is a specialist in the field. It is hoped that this series will simultaneously enrich our knowledge of the past and lay the groundwork for future advances in scholarship and historical consciousness.

In 1910, Mrs. Lydia A. Marfteet of Prophetstown, Illinois, endowed this Lectureship in memory of her late husband and as an expression of the regard which she and her husband had for this City and this University. Dorothy Thompson's topic as the Marfleet Lecturer is "e;The Crisis of the West."e; "e;Crisis"e; is defined as a turning point. In what direction does the arrow point?

Many singers today perform Elizabethan and Jacobean lute-songs. Robert Toft offers the first help for singers in understanding the principles which governed song performance and composition in the early seventeenth century. He shows how these historical principles may be used to move and delight modern audiences. The main purpose of early seventeenth-century singing was to persuade listeners using a style of utterance that had two principal parts - to sing eloquently and to act aptly. Toft discusses these two facets of singing within a broad cultural context, drawing upon music's sister arts, poetry and oratory, to establish the nature of eloquence and action in relation to singing. He concentrates on these techniques which can be transferred easily from one medium to the other. Specifically, he draws on the two aspects of oratory which directly bear on singing: elocutio, the methods of amplifying and decorating poetry and music with figures, and pronunciatio, techniques of making figurative language inflame the passions of listeners. The arrangement of the material has been inspired by the method of schooling William Kempe prescribed in 1588. The first part of the book examines elocutio, for singers need to understand the structure of songs before they can sing them well. The second part considers pronunciatio and focuses on the techniques used to capture and inflame the minds of listeners, that is, the role of pronunciation in utterance, the methods for making figures and other passionate ornaments manifest, the application of divisions and graces to melodies, and the art of gesture. In the final section of the book, Toft applies the techniques of early seventeenth-century eloquent delivery to two songs - 'Sorrow sorrow stay' and 'In darknesse let mee dwell' - by one of the greatest English songwriters ever to have lived, John Dowland.

The second edition of this companion volume to Sifron la-Student, the Hebrew University summer school textbook for teaching modern Hebrew to English-Speaking students, has been revised to correspond with the new edition of the Sifron. The volume again provides a less-by-lesson Hebrew-English vocabulary and presents relevant grammatical material in a concise and systematic matter. In addition, it includes additional syntactical material and a dictionary of words used.

This study of Environment, Race, and Migration is in a sense a new edition of the writer's book Environment and Race, published in 1927. But so much new material has been added that it was deemed advisable to indicate these additions by a slight change in the title.Among the 158 maps in the present volume, 100 did not appear in the 1927 book. The section on the environmental control of modern migrations has been greatly increased. Five new chapters deal with settlement in Canada, and constitute one of the first modern geographical studies of the whole Dominion. Two of the chapters on Australia are new, and a good deal more emphasis has been laid on new settlement in Siberia and Africa. The fundamental factors of structure, climate, and changing environment are also more fully explained for each continent.

In 1964 the United States began its War on Poverty with the passing of the Economic Opportunity Act, and in the following year Canada announced a similar attack. Since then much has been published in books, journals, pamphlets, and reports relating to this vital concern. Various government departments and academic disciplines, including anthropology, economics, education, history, law, medicine, political science, psychiatry, psychology, public health, religion, social work, and sociology, have examined their relationships and involvements in the War on Poverty, and this Bibliography lists approximately 600 published items from such North American sources. To provide a critical overview of the attack on poverty, Martin Rein, S.M. Miller, and Harris Chaiklin have contributed short papers on the American experience, and B.W. Lappin has presented the problem from the Canadian point of view. Professor Schlesinger has outlined a Canadian profile of poverty, together with the various anti-poverty programs suggested by the Canadian government, since these are less well known and documented than the American counterparts. In addition there is an appendix of articles on poverty found in popular periodicals, and a list of bibliographies on poverty or related topics.Teachers, students, and professionals in the various disciplines named above will find this bibliography valuable, and it will be of interest too to researchers, government officials, and program planners concerned with the War on Poverty.

This volume is a sequel to Rions ensemble, a collection of stories prepared by the author and provided with exercises, vocabulary, and notes by the late Professor H.L. Humphreys. The exercises have been designed to further the purpose of the texts. For each story there is supplied a series of questions that lend themselves to oral answers and discussion; in addition there is a short exercise reviewing grammatical forms, with special emphasis on the verb, as well as a brief passage for prose translation into French. All words occurring in the text of the stories are given in the vocabulary, as are the variant forms, except for a few of the most obvious which occur in the later part of the book. Notes are included in the vocabulary.