The articles collected here are the texts of the invited lectures given at the Eighth British Combinatorial Conference held at University College, Swansea. The contributions reflect the scope and breadth of application of combinatorics, and are up-to-date reviews by mathematicians engaged in current research. This volume will be of use to all those interested in combinatorial ideas, whether they be mathematicians, scientists or engineers concerned with the growing number of applications.
This book considers the theory of 'integrable' non-linear partial differential equations. The theory was developed at first by mathematical physicists but later mathematicians, particularly from the Soviet Union, were attracted to the field. In this volume are reprinted some fundamental contributions, originally published in Russian Mathematical Surveys, from some of the leading Soviet workers. Dr George Wilson has written an introduction intended to smooth the reader's path through some of the articles.
A fundamental problem of algebraic topology is the classification of homotopy types and homotopy classes of maps. In this work the author extends results of rational homotopy theory to a subring of the rationale. The methods of proof employ classical commutator calculus of nilpotent group and Lie algebra theory and rely on an extensive and systematic study of the algebraic properties of the classical homotopy operations (composition and addition of maps, smash products, Whitehead products and higher order James-Hopi invariants). The account is essentially self-contained and should be accessible to non-specialists and graduate students with some background in algebraic topology and homotopy theory.
The main aim of this book is to introduce the reader to the concept of comparison algebra, defined as a type of C*-algebra of singular integral operators. The first part of the book develops the necessary elements of the spectral theory of differential operators as well as the basic properties of elliptic second order differential operators. The author then introduces comparison algebras and describes their theory in L2-spaces and L2-Soboler spaces, and in particular their importance in solving functional analytic problems involving differential operators. The book is based on lectures given in Sweden and the USA.
This account is a study of twofold symmetry in algebraic topology. The author discusses specifically the antipodal involution of a real vector bundle - multiplication by - I in each fibre; doubling and squaring operations; the symmetry of bilinear forms and Hermitian K-theory. In spite of its title, this is not a treatise on equivariant topology; rather it is the language in which to describe the symmetry. Familiarity with the basic concepts of algebraic topology (homotopy, stable homotopy, homology, K-theory, the Pontrjagin-Thom transfer construction) is assumed. Detailed proofs are not given (the expert reader will be able to supply them when necessary) yet nowhere is credibility lost. Thus the approach is elementary enough to provide an introduction to the subject suitable for graduate students although research workers will find here much of interest.
Axiomatic set theory is the concern of this book. More particularly, the authors prove results about the coding of models M, of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory together with the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis by using a class 'forcing' construction. By this method they extend M to another model L[a] with the same properties. L[a] is Godels universe of 'constructible' sets L, together with a set of integers a which code all the cardinality and cofinality structure of M. Some applications are also considered. Graduate students and research workers in set theory and logic will be especially interested by this account.
The first half of the book is a general study of homomorphisms to simple artinian rings; the techniques developed here should be of interest to many algebraists. The second half is a more detailed study of special types of skew fields which have arisen from the work of P. M. Cohn and the author. A number of questions are settled; a version of the Jacobian conjecture for free algebras is proved and there are examples of skew field extensions of different but finite left and right dimension.
A 'soliton' is a localized nonlinear wave of permanent form which may interact strongly with other solitons so that when they separate after the interaction they regain their original forms. This textbook is an account of the theory of solitons and of the diverse applications of the theory to nonlinear systems arising in the physical sciences. The essence of the book is an introduction to the method of inverse scattering. Solitary waves, cnoidal waves, conservation laws, the initial-value problem for the Korteweg-de Vries equation, the Lax method, the sine-Gordon equation and Backlund transformations are treated. The book will be useful for research workers who wish to learn about solitons as well as graduate students in mathematics, physics and engineering.
The most important examples of finite groups are the group of permutations of a set of n objects, known as the symmetric group, and the group of non-singular n-by-n matrices over a finite field, which is called the general linear group. This book examines the representation theory of the general linear groups, and reveals that there is a close analogy with that of the symmetric groups. It consists of an essay which was joint winner of the Cambridge University Adams Prize 1981-2, and is intended to be accessible to mathematicians with no previous specialist knowledge of the topics involved. Many people have studied the representations of general linear groups over fields of the natural characteristic, but this volume explores new territory by considering the case where the characteristic of the ground field is not the natural one. Not only are the results in the book elegant and interesting in their own right, but they suggest many lines for further investigation.
This book is concerned with the relations between graphs, error-correcting codes and designs, in particular how techniques of graph theory and coding theory can give information about designs. A major revision and expansion of a previous volume in this series, this account includes many examples and new results as well as improved treatments of older material. So that non-specialists will find the treatment accessible the authors have included short introductions to the three main topics. This book will be welcomed by graduate students and research mathematicians and be valuable for advanced courses in finite combinatorics.
These notes comprise an introduction to combinatorial group theory and represent an extensive revision of the author's earlier book in this series, which arose from lectures to final-year undergraduates and first-year graduates at the University of Nottingham. Many new examples and exercises have been added and the treatment of a number of topics has been improved and expanded. In addition, there are new chapters on the triangle groups, small cancellation theory and groups from topology. The connections between the theory of group presentations and other areas of mathematics are emphasized throughout. The book can be used as a text for beginning research students and, for specialists in other fields, serves as an introduction both to the subject and to more advanced treatises.
The subject of this book is the action of permutation groups on sets associated with combinatorial structures. Each chapter deals with a particular structure: groups, geometries, designs, graphs and maps respectively. A unifying theme for the first four chapters is the construction of finite simple groups. In the fifth chapter, a theory of maps on orientable surfaces is developed within a combinatorial framework. This simplifies and extends the existing literature in the field. The book is designed both as a course text and as a reference book for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. A feature is the set of carefully constructed projects, intended to give the reader a deeper understanding of the subject.
The purpose of this unique book is to establish purely algebraic foundations for the development of certain parts of topology. Some topologists seek to understand geometric properties of solutions to finite systems of equations or inequalities and configurations which in some sense actually occur in the real world. Others study spaces constructed more abstractly using infinite limit processes. Their goal is to determine just how similar or different these abstract spaces are from those which are finitely described. However, as topology is usually taught, even the first, more concrete type of problem is approached using the language and methods of the second type. Professor Brumfiel's thesis is that this is unnecessary and, in fact, misleading philosophically. He develops a type of algebra, partially ordered rings, in which it makes sense to talk about solutions of equations and inequalities and to compare geometrically the resulting spaces. The importance of this approach is primarily that it clarifies the sort of geometrical questions one wants to ask and answer about those spaces which might have physical significance.
This book is based on a set of lectures given to a mixed audience of physicists and mathematicians. The desire to be intelligible to both groups is the underlying preoccupation of the author. Physicists nowadays are particularly interested in phase transitions. The typical situation is that a system of interacting particles exhibits an abrupt change of behaviour at a certain temperature, although the local forces between the particles are thought to be smooth functions of temperature. This account discusses the theory behind a simple model of such phenomena. An important tool is the mathematical discipline known as the Theory of Graphs. There are five chapters, each subdivided into sections. The first chapter is intended as a broad introduction to the subject, and it is written in a more informal manner than the rest. Notes and references for each chapter are given at the end of the chapter.
These lecture notes are devoted to an area of current research interest that bridges functional analysis and function theory. The unifying theme is the notion of subharmonicity with respect to a uniform algebra. The topics covered include the rudiments of Choquet theory, various classes of representing measures, the duality between abstract sub-harmonic functions and Jensen measures, applications to problems of approximation of plurisubharmonic functions of several complex variables, and Cole's theory of estimates for conjugate functions. Many of the results are published here for the first time in monograph form.
The theory of von Neumann algebras has undergone rapid development since the work of Tonita, Takesaki and Conner. These notes, based on lectures given at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, provide an introduction to the subject and demonstrate the important role of the theory of crossed products. Part I deals with general continuous crossed products and proves the commutation theorem and the duality theorem. Part II discusses the structure of Type III von Neumann algebras and considers crossed products with modular actions. Restricting the treatment to the case of o-finite von Neumann algebras enables the author to work with faithful normal states.
These lecture notes begin with an introduction to topological groups and proceed to a proof of the important Pontryagin-van Kampen duality theorem and a detailed exposition of the structure of locally compact abelian groups. Measure theory and Banach algebra are entirely avoided and only a small amount of group theory and topology is required, dealing with the subject in an elementary fashion. With about a hundred exercises for the student, it is a suitable text for first-year graduate courses.
The theory of Lie groups is a very active part of mathematics and it is the twofold aim of these notes to provide a self-contained introduction to the subject and to make results about the structure of Lie groups and compact groups available to a wide audience. Particular emphasis is placed upon results and techniques which explicate the interplay between a Lie group and its Lie algebra, and, in keeping with current trends, a coordinate-free notation is used. Much of the general theory is illustrated by examples and exercises involving specific Lie groups.
Stiefel manifolds are an interesting family of spaces much studied by algebraic topologists. These notes, which originated in a course given at Harvard University, describe the state of knowledge of the subject, as well as the outstanding problems. The emphasis throughout is on applications (within the subject) rather than on theory. However, such theory as is required is summarized and references to the literature are given, thus making the book accessible to non-specialists and particularly graduate students. Many examples are given and further problems suggested.
These notes present an investigation of a condition similar to Euclid's parallel axiom for subsets of finite sets. The background material to the theory of parallelisms is introduced and the author then describes the links this theory has with other topics from the whole range of combinatorial theory and permutation groups. These include network flows, perfect codes, Latin squares, block designs and multiply-transitive permutation groups, and long and detailed appendices are provided to serve as introductions to these various subjects. Many of the results are published for the first time.
Some of the results on automatic continuity of intertwining operators and homomorphisms that were obtained between 1960 and 1973 are here collected together to provide a detailed discussion of the subject. The book will be appreciated by graduate students of functional analysis who already have a good foundation in this and in the theory of Banach algebras.
Sheaf theory provides a means of discussing many different kinds of geometric objects in respect of the connection between their local and global properties. It finds its main applications in topology and modern algebraic geometry where it has been used as a tool for solving, with great success, several long-standing problems. This text is based on a lecture course for graduate pure mathematicians which builds up enough of the foundations of sheaf theory to give a broad definition of manifold, covering as special cases the algebraic geometer's schemes as well as the topological, differentiable and analytic kinds, and to define sheaf cohomology for application to such objects. Exercises are provided at the end of each chapter and at various places in the text. Hints and solutions to some of them are given at the end of the book.
These notes derive from a course of lectures delivered at the University of Florida in Gainesville during 1971/2. Dr Gagen presents a simplified treatment of recent work by H. Bender on the classification of non-soluble groups with abelian Sylow 2-subgroups, together with some background material of wide interest. The book is for research students and specialists in group theory and allied subjects such as finite geometries.
These notes provide a reasonably self-contained introductory survey of certain aspects of harmonic analysis on compact groups. The first part of the book seeks to give a brief account of integration theory on compact Hausdorff spaces. The second, larger part starts from the existence and essential uniqueness of an invariant integral on every compact Hausdorff group. Topics subsequently outlined include representations, the Peter-Weyl theory, positive definite functions, summability and convergence, spans of translates, closed ideals and invariant subspaces, spectral synthesis problems, the Hausdorff-Young theorem, and lacunarity.
This set of notes, for graduate students who are specializing in algebraic topology, adopts a novel approach to the teaching of the subject. It begins with a survey of the most beneficial areas for study, with recommendations regarding the best written accounts of each topic. Because a number of the sources are rather inaccessible to students, the second part of the book comprises a collection of some of these classic expositions, from journals, lecture notes, theses and conference proceedings. They are connected by short explanatory passages written by Professor Adams, whose own contributions to this branch of mathematics are represented in the reprinted articles.
This volume comprises articles from four outstanding researchers who work at the cusp of analysis and logic. The emphasis is on active research topics; many results are presented that have not been published before and open problems are formulated. Considerable effort has been made by the authors to integrate their articles and make them accessible to mathematicians new to the area.
The aim of this book is to characterize certain multiplicative and additive arithmetical functions by combining methods from number theory with some simple ideas from functional and harmonic analysis. The authors achieve this goal by considering convolutions of arithmetical functions, elementary mean-value theorems, and properties of related multiplicative functions. They also prove the mean-value theorems of Wirsing and Halasz and study the pointwise convergence of the Ramanujan expansion. Finally, some applications to power series with multiplicative coefficients are included, along with exercises and an extensive bibliography.
This book presents a theory motivated by the spaces LP, 0 p < l. These spaces are not locally convex, so the methods usually encountered in linear analysis (particularly the Hahn-Banach theorem) do not apply here. Questions about the size of the dual space are especially important in the non-locally convex setting, and are a central theme. Several of the classical problems in the area have been settled in the last decade, and a number of their solutions are presented here. The book begins with concrete examples (lp, LP, L0, HP) before going on to general results and important counterexamples. An F-space sampler will be of interest to research mathematicians and graduate students in functional analysis.
The theory of the numerical range of a linear operator on an arbitrary normed space had its beginnings around 1960, and during the 1970s the subject has developed and expanded rapidly. This book presents a self-contained exposition of the subject as a whole. The authors develop various applications, in particular to the study of Banach algebras where the numerical range provides an important link between the algebraic and metric structures.
Graduate students in many branches of mathematics need to know something about topological groups and the Haar integral to enable them to understand applications in their own fields. In this introduction to the subject, Professor Higgins covers the basic theorems they are likely to need, assuming only some elementary group theory. The book is based on lecture courses given for the London M.Sc. degree in 1969 and 1972, and the treatment is more algebraic than usual, reflecting the interests of the author and his audience. The volume ends with an informal account of one important application of the Haar integral, to the representation theory of compact groups, and suggests further reading on this and similar topics.
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