Böcker av Safina Parveen Munsaf Khan

Artificial Intelligence is the study Natural Human Intelligence .i.e. study of Human Brain and Neuroscience for analysis and engineering Human like Electronic or Artificial Intelligence. In other hand, we can define term Bionic as ¿Its utility of Biological methods, function, procedures and system to interface or mimic electronically¿. The term Bionic coined by Jack E. Steele in 1958. It¿s very vast field to conduct good research on Bionic and Bionic Devices Interfacing for the enhancement of Medical Robotics. For Bionic system engineering excellent tradeoff of Biological and Electronics system required and can be obtain with linking of Artificial Neural Schemas with Biological Neural schemas. As per my strong research area in ¿Bionic Brain¿ since last seven years I must say this is the only field of robotics which direct concerns to medical betterment. Bionic and Cyborg are different; let us clear in last attempt to it. As discussed already Bionic is biological functions, methods, systems and procedures mimic electronically with neuron interfacing Cyborg "Cybernetic organism" is a being with both organic. This monograph gives you ideas about AI, Bionic and Cyborg domains.

In a narrow sense spintronics refers to spin electronics, the phenomena of spin-polarized transport in metals and semiconductors. The goal of this applied spintronics is to find effective ways of controlling electronic properties, such as the current or accumulated charge, by spin or magnetic field, as well as of controlling spin or magnetic properties by electric currents or gate voltages. The ultimate goal is to make practical device schemes that would enhance functionalities of the current charge-based electronics. An example is a spin field-effect transistor, which would change its logic state from ON to OFF by flipping the orientation of a magnetic field. In a broad sense spintronics is a study of spin phenomena in solids, in particular metals and semiconductors and semiconductor hetero-structures. Such studies characterize electrical, optical, and magnetic properties of solids due to the presence of equilibrium and non-equilibrium spin populations, as well as spin dynamics. These aspects of spintronics give us important insights about the nature of spin interactions¿spin-orbit, hyperfine, or spin exchange couplings solids. This Book is lucid presentation of Spintronics.