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The site of Rakhigarhi, situated in Hisar District, Haryana, India, is one of the largest metropolises of the Harappan Civilization found so far, to be mentioned alongside the iconic sites of Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and Dholavira. Between the years 2011 and 2017 extensive explorations and excavations were carried out by teams from the Deccan College P.G.R.I., Deemed University, Pune, Seoul National University and Haryana State Archaeology Department. Mounds 4, 6 and 2 were habitation deposits where cultural sequences of Early and Mature Cultural layers were found. Among the major finds were classical Harappan ceramic assemblages; beads of terracotta, faience, stones and steatite; seals; shell and terracotta bangles; terracotta figurines, etc. Mound 7 was a cemetery, representative of the Mature Harappan period, where systematic excavation was carried out. After chapters introducing the excavations at Rakhigarhi and setting out the objectives of the project, the book focuses on the cemetery, with detailed analysis and inventories of the burials. Data on the physical and pathological traits of the Harappan population are presented in full, with specialist chapters on craniofacial reconstruction, and on parasitological analysis. The volume is completed with analysis of the faunal remains from Rakhigarhi habitation area.

‿Breaking the dšr.t-vessels‿ was a funerary rite that involved the intentional damaging of a certain type of ceramic vessel. The aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of the rite through a re-evaluation of the primary sources and previous research and to provide the first study devoted entirely to the rite.

How did the Ancient Egyptians maintain control of their state? This book considers this question from a wide variety of angles and across all periods of Egyptian history, from the Old Kingdom to Coptic times. Topics include the controlling function of temples and theology, state borders, scribal administration, visual representation, patronage, and the Egyptian language itself. These different strands are tied together by legal pluralism theory, which argues that a single state can rely on multiple - and at times even contradictory - strategies for upholding what it considers just within the bounds of what is nominally a single jurisdiction. This theoretical approach, while increasingly common in modern postcolonial studies and the history of law, is yet to be deployed in Egyptology. This book therefore aims to fill that gap. The chapters are expanded versions of papers originally presented at the 3rd Lady Wallis Budge Egyptology conference, organised by Christ's College and held online on 27th-28th August 2020.

The present volume collects thirty-two papers on various topics from the history of Egyptology to archaeology and material culture, from the Predynastic to the Roman period, through history and epigraphy, as well as new technologies.

The Search for Wellbeing and Health between the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period compiles a series of works on cosmetics and health care, covering different geographical areas of Europe. The studies also focus on different cultures, with some chapters dedicated to the Hebrew sphere, others to the Muslim world, and a larger percentage dealing with Christian society. The contributions make use of some very important written sources: recipe books and treatises on medicine and cosmetics, especially those preserved from the Late Middle Ages (13th-15th centuries) onwards. These manuscripts reveal the raw materials used to make certain products, whose origin could be vegetable, animal or mineral. Many were used to combat various ailments, but also to take care of the body aesthetically. Thus, there are remedies to heal the eyes; to avoid problems with the teeth and to make them shine white; creams and soaps for the skin; hair dyes to avoid grey hair; lotions to combat baldness; and even diverse gastronomic recipes to obtain inner wellbeing. Other contributions take a more practical perspective. Studies are included in which some of the ingredients and products are explored through experimental archaeology (chemical analysis) and faunal remains obtained from archaeological campaigns are analysed in the laboratory, showing the Christian diet. Overall the book demonstrates the importance of healthcare and cosmetics in past societies that had very significant technical knowledge of a multitude of completely natural and sustainable products.

This book analyses the positions of external church doorways in England to investigate the significance that positioning had for the function and design of these buildings. The author proposes a link between the design and function of parochial churches and chapels with the number and attributes of their doorways.

This book is the result of a large-scale yet detailed study of early medieval grave furnishings from the Netherlands, aiming at the creation of a comprehensive artefact typology and updated relative chronology for this under-explored period in the Low Countries.

Rushen Abbey, now owned and managed by Manx National Heritage, was a Cistercian monastery founded in 1134 and suppressed in 1540. It was the most important religious institution on the Isle of Man wielding significant secular power as well as ecclesiastical authority. Its location in the middle of the Irish Sea and its political connections made it one of the most influential houses in western Britain and Ireland. The first known excavations were carried out in the late 1890s by Deemster Gill, one of the most senior law officers on the island. They were followed in 1912 and again in 1926 by more extensive investigations of parts of the east range the north transept of the church by William Cubbon then owner of the site. The modern study of the site began in 1978 and 1979 with excavations of the presbytery and both transepts by Dr Lawrence Butler, who followed them in 1988 and 1989 with a complete exploration of the east range. In between these two programmes of work Dr Larch Garrad of the Manx Museum carried out an important rescue excavation to the east of the church in 1984, locating a new chapel, part of the monastic cemetery and a charnel pit. Under threat of development for a hotel complex the site was purchased by the Manx Government in 1998 and the Centre for Manx Studies, University of Liverpool was asked to carry out exploratory excavations in the first place, followed by more extensive investigations of a number of areas of the site. These were carried out each year from 1998 to 2008 and succeeded in defining the plan of the church and claustral buildings together with parts of the western courtyard. In addition, to the south of the Cistercian complex an already disturbed early medieval cemetery was investigated. Alongside the excavations, medieval documentary sources were reviewed, and extensive fieldwork was carried out on the abbey's lands throughout the island. This book aims to provide a synthesis of all the available evidence for Rushen Abbey under one cover. Given the numbers of excavations, their complexity and the richness of finds, the detailed evidence on which this overview text is based is provided by a set of 20 online reports.

Ancient funerary reliefs are full of representations of writing materials and instruments, the interpretation of which can help us better understand the phenomenon of ancient literacy. The eight studies in this volume enrich our knowledge of Roman writing with many new aspects and detailed observations.

Tauric Chersonesos was one of the prominent ancient Greek centres on the north coast of the Black Sea. This comprehensive study of the cults of the gods of the Chersonesan polis, firmly based on the available sources, sheds new light on the religious life of this ancient Greek centre at various stages in its development.

The mural paintings of Cacaxtla were discovered by chance in 1975. They arouse excitement in the Mesoamericanist community for their original style, at the crossroads of traditions from the Central Highlands, the Maya area and the Gulf Coast. Vibrant polychrome references also echo the sculpted panels of the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent at Xochicalco (Morelos), known since the late 18th century. These hybrid visual assemblages constitute the starting point for a discussion of cultural interactions and the fabrication of prestige. After the disintegration of the Teotihuacan system around 550 AD, how did the city-states of the Central Highlands transform their material culture to construct new political discourses to establish their new local authority? Thanks to the joint contribution of anthropology, art anthropology and archaeology, the purpose of this book is to explore holistically the way in which these Mesoamerican societies thought and created their otherness and expressed it in their visual and material universe.

La ciudad de Buenos Aires, fundada en 1580, tras un intento fallido previo, fue establecida sobre una meseta natural frente al caudaloso Rio de la Plata, con un pequeno puerto natural ubicado en un rio cercano llamado Riachuelo. La presencia de poblacion originaria en el lugar es un tema de discusion en este libro. La region era parte del sistema natural de tierras bajas e inundables. La ciudad se extendio sobre las tierras altas hasta que en la mitad del siglo XIX la necesidad de ocupar nuevos espacios llevo a concebir un proyecto poco comun para la epoca: rellenar las tierras bajas con basura y escombro, aunque se alteraran los desagues naturales, para luego edificar encima. Los antecedentes provienen del siglo XVIII, pero la falta de tecnologia lo hizo imposible de llevar a gran escala. Para el ensayo inicial de ese manejo de la basura se fundo en 1855 un pueblo, Belgrano, excavado por el autor de este libro, donde se experimento con el manejo de la basura para rellenos de nivelacion; el sistema fue eficiente pero los costos sociales fueron tremendos y a la vez minimizados. A partir de alli mas de la mitad del suelo de la ciudad ha sido hecho con rellenos de varios metros de altura, compensados con el rebaje de las zonas elevadas para rellenar tierras bajas y manejar la basura urbana. Esta politica de manejo de residuos y de venta de tierras no aptas para urbanizarse, se justificaba desde una paralela construccion literaria, la de la pampa infinita, tierra plana de una horizontalidad imposible de existir. Era la imagen que el pais vendia al exterior como exportador de productos ganaderos y agricolas. La arqueologia ha ido excavando cada uno de los sectores altos y bajos para comprender este proceso nunca explicitado de transformacion del territorio. La arqueologia urbana para el autor se define como el estudio de las ciudades actuales, que existen y funcionan, no de ciudades muertas sino vivas, no es la busqueda de etapas anteriores bajo construcciones actuales. Es la comprension del fenomeno urbano, la ciudad y su territorio, desde sus inicios hasta hoy. Una "arqueologia de nosotros mismos" que interpela al presente y busca en el pasado la explicacion de acciones y decisiones actuales.

Art as Ritual Engagement is examined through a case study of feminised funerary representation in the repertoire of Watetkhethor, an elite woman interred in the mastaba tomb of her spouse, Mereruka, at Saqqara, c.2345-2181 BCE.

Dimore della Cirenaica analizza l'edilizia residenziale urbana della Cirenaica (Libia orientale) rivolgendosi in particolare alle citta di Cirene e Tolemaide su di un arco cronologico che va dalla prima alla tarda eta imperiale. La prima parte, in forma catalogica, e incentrata su ventuno casi-studio. In queste sezioni e incluso l'inquadramento dell'assetto urbano e dei principali edifici delle due citta esaminate. Lo sviluppo di ciascuna residenza viene qui illustrato, delineando altresi paralleli all'interno della regione e del piu ampio scenario imperiale. Nella seconda parte vengono estrapolati i temi chiave prima trattati separatamente al fine di discuterli in modo piu ampio. Gli argomenti principali affrontati riguardano le caratteristiche delle piante e degli elevati, la decorazione e il quadro socio-economico della Cirenaica delineato in base allo studio delle dimore. L'analisi e volta a ricostruire la storia degli edifici indagati e a evidenziare il ruolo della loro evoluzione architettonica come indicatore dei cambiamenti intervenuti, sia a livello locale che piu ampio, durante il periodo in esame. Questo studio sistematizza informazioni sparse in altre pubblicazioni e nuovi dati, commenti e discussioni che l'autrice ha raccolto tramite il lavoro sul campo e le ricerche d'archivio. Il risultato consiste in un corpus di evidenze che rappresenta il punto di partenza per ogni futura ricerca su questi temi.

In this important and beautifully illustrated book, David Breeze elucidates the context of the most famous frontier, Hadrian‿s Wall. The zone to north and south of the Wall was a heavily militarised landscape of roads, bridges, forts, fortlets and towers, but also the towns, settlements and supply infrastructure on which the army depended.

Presents the results of the main ongoing archaeological and historical research focusing on medieval suburbia and rural sites in Sicily. The volume is divided into thematic areas: Urbanscapes, suburbia, hinterlands; Inland and mountainous landscapes; Changes in rural settlement patterns; and Defence and control of the territory.

The Seminar for Arabian Studies is the longest continually running academic forum for the presentation of cultural heritage research on the Arabian Peninsula. Subjects include archaeology, epigraphy, history, ethnography, art, architecture, linguistics, and literature from prehistory to the early twentieth century.

These vibrant Mélanges celebrate the life and work of an exceptional scientist, Jean-Loïc Le Quellec. The book bears witness to the transdisciplinarity, rigour and benevolence that characterise this great scholar, and through diverse contributions explore themes dear to him: mythologies, folklore, cave arts, cultural heritage, and more.

Eight papers, ranging from the Chalcolithic in Northwest Africa and Iberia to the Iron Age in Central Europe, shed light on issues as diverse as the principles of chronology building, the role of alleged 'defensive' enclosures, pottery studies, use-wear analysis of Iron Age weaponry and the Hallstatt/La Tene transition in the eastern Alps.

This volume traces the scientific work of some thirty prehistorians, geologists and paleontologists from the end of the 19th and 20th centuries in territories (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sahara) where prehistoric and protohistoric discoveries were numerous and fruitful.

Robert Koehl has long considered processions to have played an integral role in Aegean Bronze Age societies. Papers concentrate mainly on evidence from Crete, the Cyclades and the Greek mainland, with additional perspectives from abroad, these geographic divisions forming the basic outline of this volume.

Chapters in this volume, with contributions from a a wide range of multidisciplinary specialists, demonstrates the diversity and vibrancy of international research collaboration in the archaeology of Georgia and underlines the enormous potential of the country‿s archaeological resource.

La villa romana di Punta Eolo e una "villa a padiglioni" situata all'estremita nord di Ventotene, dove si protende nel mare per circa 300 m di lunghezza e 100 m di larghezza, sviluppandosi per oltre tre ettari attorno a uno scalo portuale. La residenza, originariamente concepita come villa d'otium, fu la sede coatta di Giulia maggiore, figlia dell'imperatore Augusto, dopo la condanna per adulterio e la relegatio ad insulam nel 2 a.C. Nel I secolo d.C. la villa continuo a svolgere la funzione di luogo di reclusione per condannate di status imperiale. Gli scavi archeologici del complesso, coordinati da G.M. De Rossi negli anni 1990-2005, restituirono una grande quantita di frammenti di affreschi, stucchi, lastre Campana e rivestimenti pavimentali. Il presente libro e il risultato di un lungo lavoro di documentazione e analisi dei reperti messi in luce nel settore residenziale della villa.

Ash-sharq is a journal devoted to short articles on the archaeology, history and society of the Ancient Near East.

Cazadores-recolectores del Holoceno medio en las sierras de Tandilia oriental (Argentina) is the result of doctoral research on the hunter-gatherer groups that inhabited the eastern Tandilia mountain range (Argentina) during the mid-Holocene period, generating new knowledge on aspects related to lithic technology, raw material management and mobility strategies. This study analysed lithic tools recovered from several archaeological sites excavated in caves and rock shelters, specifically between the present-day localities of Balcarce and Mar del Plata. The main results show that hunter-gatherer groups of this period combined two mobility strategies. On the one hand, the mountain range occupations reflect a high logistical mobility aimed mainly at hunting guanacos and pampas deer, where caves and rock shelters were used as temporary shelters while away from residential camps. On the other hand, the integration of these results within the framework of the Pampa Húmeda sub-region suggests that the residential groups of this period were able to carry out annual or seasonal movements within a regional radius, with mobility circuits that included different ecosystems (coast, grassland plain and mountain range) and took advantage of a wide variety of terrestrial and marine resources available at different times of the year.

Focusing on the eastern part of the region, this is the first in a series of five volumes that comprehensively document rock art in Upper Tibet. It examines a panoply of graphic evidence found on stone surfaces, supplying an unprecedented view of the long-term development of culture and religion on a large swathe of the Tibetan Plateau.

This book investigate reuse of tombs in Eastern Arabia from the beginning of the Early Bronze Age until the end of the Sasanian period in order to understand the underlying purposes and social context of this practice.

16 contributions consider various pottery categories like terra sigillata, black gloss Italian ware, and more, offering multidisciplinary perspectives on trade, local production, and societal contexts. Spanning from early to late Roman periods, Acta 47 sheds light on pottery's significance and its diverse usage across the ancient Roman world.

The Guadalquivir River has been a feature of the identities of the communities settled around it throughout history. This volume aimsto reflect on contemporary threats to the sustainability of the region's complex cultural landscapes from multiple perspectives, including archaeology, the natural environment, didactics, new technologies and tourism.

Religion and Cult in the Dodecanese during the First Millennium BC publishes the proceedings of the conference of the same name, held in Rhodes in October 2018. Religion has always been one of the major components of peoples' lives, an integral part of social, economic and political contexts, contributing to the formation of culture and history. In order to study and understand the religious and cult practices of a particular region, it is necessary to explore their various expressions through material culture and written sources. The oldest known cult remains in the Dodecanese can be dated to the end of the 10th and early 9th centuries BC and throughout the 1st millennium BC. They demonstrate the existence of a vibrant island society with various evolving cult practices. As a major stopover on maritime trade routes, the southeastern Aegean was influenced by contacts from throughout the Greek world and beyond. The contributions to this volume draw on archaeological and literary sources to explore both the development and continuity of cults in the Dodecanese, from the Early Iron Age through to the 1st century BC.