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In the 1990s, large numbers of mainly metal objects were discovered off the Belgian coast near the port of Zeebrugge, indicating the location of an early modern wreck-site. Though at this time no appropriate legislation in regard to such a procedure existed in Belgium, the discoverer of the finds nonetheless initiated the excavation and study of this underwater site with a team of professional divers and amateur archaeologists. Unfortunately, the project was never finalised and the data related to the excavation ended up unpublished and dispersed among several members of the excavation team. Now, more than 25 years later, the author of this book aims to collect, analyse, and reassess the initial data related to the excavation, in order to propose a substantiated interpretation of this forgotten site. In order to understand the available data, Hendrik Lettany first explores the circumstances of the excavation. The resulting data, together with the actual archaeological collection from the excavation, are then carefully discussed and interpreted.

This study concentrates on Philistine decorated pottery, its production centres and trade patterns. These issues are examined by both archaeological and archaeometric approaches. Over recent years, a considerable amount of data has been accumulated on Philistine sites, especially from the excavations at Tel Miqne-Ekron, and the new excavations at Ashkelon and Tell es-Safi. Thus, although a vast literature already exists on the Philistines, their material culture and related issues, there has been very little study that systematically combines all this data. This work examines the Iron Age Philistine material culture in general and the Philistine pottery in particular, from a holistic approach. The Philistine phenomenon is defined and described in Part 1 from its various aspects: the historical background, the archaeological evidence and its social and ethnic aspects. Part 2 describes and discusses the updated archaeological evidence of pottery production and workshops in the southern Levant during the end of the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age. Ethnographic research is utilized to describe the pottery production sequence, technological aspects and modes of production and distribution of pottery. As this work is a provenance study of a geographically andgeologically limited area a methodological discussion was called for presented in Part 3. In Part 4 the archaeometric results are presented. Part 5 combines the archaeological and archaeometric results and evaluates them from a broader cultural, technological and historical perspectives.

This work examines spatial variability within and between structures in the Neolithic Eastern Mediterranean and goes on to explore a number of equally significant theoretical issues that play an important role in the understanding of the particular topic. These were matters related to the way spatial information is approached by archaeology and the degree to which the archaeological record is sufficient to provide information about activity areas and changes in the use of domestic space. The work therefore sets information about structures and their furnishing in a wider methodological and theoretical context. Included are extensive analyses tables of data on sites and finds.

In this book twelve contributors present the contents of the Terminal Classic (the Mayan Lowlands, Central America) ceramic complexes in their area of study, and discuss them against the complexity and diversity of social processes illuminated by recent investigations.

This work ('The High Priests of Amun in the 'wHm mswt' Era and the Twenty-First Dynasty') explores the chronological, genealogical and historical controversies from a very dark episode in ancient Egypt: the period at the end of the rule of Ramesses XI and the beginning of the Third Intermediate Period (XXI Dynasty). The research focuses on the role played by the Theban High Priests of Amun - a field of study so far neglected by other Egyptologists.

This book interprets the exploitation of marine resources and the organisation of their uses during later prehistory in the Western Isles of Scotland. Particular attention is focused on the analysis of the fish, molluscan and cetacean remains recovered during the excavation of a settlement at Bostadh Beach in Great Bernera, Lewis. A key objective is the reconstruction of regional fishing practices particularly during the Iron Age and Norse periods. Five aspects of research are considered: fish biology, modern fisheries, ancient fisheries, taphonomy and ethnography. The role of fishing during the Iron Age and Norse periods around the Hebridean Islands is assessed, in terms of economic, social and technological factors. Fish biology and taphonomy provided the necessary association between modern and ancient fishing traditions. Taphonomy and ethnographical studies also linked past and present and allowed a more solidly based reconstruction of the islands' fishing industry through time. The combination of archaeological faunal analysis and ethnoarchaeological approaches provides data for understanding the character of fishing practices in the later prehistory of Great Bernera and other nearby Hebridean Isles.

This book attempts to bring an anthropological perspective to the historical archaeology of a complex period in the Greek past. Traditionally, discussion of the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Byzantine period in the Aegean region has focused on the fate of Classical urban culture. Scholarly opinion is divided as to whether the Classical polis and its constituent institutions emerged intact from the disruptive events of the third to sixth centuries A.D. Over the past two decades a consensus has emerged that argues that the break between Classical and Byzantine occurred in the seventh, not the fourth or fifth centuries A.D., and that it was a more gradual process than previously believed. The present study examines the Byzantine Fortress at Isthmia in the Peloponnese with an eye to understanding social change in this critical period, at the level of the site and then the region, in terms of an evolutionary perspective . This study focuses on three problems at different levels of abstraction: (1) A descriptive problem - gathering more information about the Medieval occupation at Isthmia; delineating the structural features of the Byzantine Fortress with the ultimate intent of comprehending site functions through time. (2) A methodological problem - the use of geophysical techniques to examine the subsurface of the Fortress and other selected spots to obtain the data necessary for proper description. (3) A broader historical problem - how best to reconstruct the key events pertaining to the transition from Late Antiquity to Early Byzantine. The methodological element becomes the link between the gathering of site-specific data and the wider historical implications for that information.

Roman 'small towns' were an important link between the urban civitas capitals and the rural population and offer an ideal case study for examining the extent of Roman influence permeating into the rural provinces.

Chandima Wickramasinghe provides the first comprehensive overview of historical slavery in Sri Lanka, and from a comparative perspective looks in detail at this and at the history of slavery in ancient Greece.

The decline of ancient Maya civilization has resonated in both the popular and archaeological imagination. Over the years archaeologists have questioned this "collapse" with increasing detail in some parts of the Maya area, but in the Belize Valley the era remains virtually unknown.

This volume emerged from a conference held in Glasgow in October 2001, organised by Scottish Archaeological Forum. The study of cultural landscapes is growing increasingly more sophisticated in terms of technology and method, but also in terms of the conceptual approaches and theoretical frameworks applied to that study. At the same time, landscape as a modern construct is becoming ever more complex, even contentious: who owns and manages land, for what purposes and to whose benefit? what defines wild land, how 'wild' were our landscapes in antiquity and to what extent should this perceived wildness be preserved? In Scotland, in particular, issues of land reform have come to the fore in recent years, with crofters contesting the right to buy land and the recent establishment of the first national parks. Needs for economic sustainability are often at odds with the interests of heritage management and conservation. The 15 contributions to this volume are divided into four sections: Landscapes, Seascapes, The Management of Landscapes, and Approaches to Interpretation. The first two sections showcase particular studies of archaeological landscapes and seascapes from a variety of perspectives, although a number of common themes emerge from the diverse studies.

This book is based on new archaeobotanical data retrieved during the last fifteen years from prehistoric sites located in the regions of Macedonia and Thrace in northern Greece. More than two thousand samples from Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age deposits from Makriyalos, Mandalo, Arkadikos, Dikili Tash and Marki form the basis for a consideration of prehistoric people-plant relationships in the region. The various sources contributing plant remains in the archaeobotanical assemblages are examined in order to address issues of intentional uses of plants and management of plant resources. The crops and plants harvested from the wild underline the variety in plant foods used during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age in the region, at the same time pointing towards preferred staples and later crop introductions. The contribution of animal dung in the archaeobotanical assemblages is demonstrated by the assemblages considered by the book providing an insight into animal feeding and grazing patterns, revealing a variability in the strategies adopted among the archaeological sites considered, strategies that diverge from proposed models concerning animal husbandry in prehistoric Greece. The archaeobotanical data is also examined in relation to the current discussion on the co-existence of tells and extended sites in northern Greece and directions for future archaeobotanical research on the issue are pointed out.

In this work the author explores the pre-historic and historic influences on two Cypriot forests in order to compile a definitive record of the evolutionary ecology of the forest environments in response to human impact and utilisation since antiquity. The scope included the following: An extensive field survey of the afforested landscape to record species types and specific site ecology and to assess the impact of historic settlement patterns within the forest; To correlate changing forest patterns discerned from the palaeobotanic record with known human associations; To define species habitat in relation to ore bearing geological material and archaeological sites; To ascertain the current level of biodiversity; To propose a base-line for the rehabilitation of the forest environment. The information provided has been collated from observations recorded during a systematic survey of the Makheras and Adelphi Forests, Cyprus, over a period of seventeen months. An important aspect of the data recorded was a number of ancient archaeological sites, previously not thought to exist in the forest areas.

From obscure beginnings at the end of the Bronze Age to the award of the Ius Latii to all the inhabitants of Iberia by the Emperor Vespasian (AD 73-74), winds the long and uneven path of the 'Castros Culture' in the Iberian Northwest. A castro is a fortified village and it has given its name to the Iron Age Culture (or group of related cultures) in general, which occupied the region of the Iberian Northwest between the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the second century AD. Such sites were characterized by small settlements in their early phases, gradually evolving into urban structures under Roman influence. The period under study in this volume is bounded by the point of emergence of fortified sites during the final stages of the Bronze Age (c.1200-1000 BC) and the Flavian period, at the end of the first century AD. The principal area of study lies within the region confined by the Atlantic coast to the west, the Tâmega-Corgo river line to the east, the Minho river to the north and the Douroriver to the south. The main theme of this book is warfare in the Castros Culture. A fresh approach has been adopted, to evaluate the importance of warfare at this time and to see how it shaped the development of Castros society as a result. For this, warfare is examined in terms of the total environment in which it occurs, i.e. in terms of the geographical, economic, social and ritual landscapes in which it exists. The author's intention is to contribute a fresh and integrated approach to the subject of warfare and its social significance in the Castros Culture of the first millennium BC. A further intention is that his wide-ranging treatment of the subject will open up new directions for future research and detailed analyses.

The present volume follows on from the publication of Amorium Reports, Finds I: The Glass (1987-1997) in 2002. But whereas that volume had essentially a single author and was devoted to finds in a single medium, in this second publication in the Final Reports series several different team members have submitted chapters on a wide range of topics. These cover a number of different media and extend in time from the Roman to the Ottoman period. Additional finds reports are scheduled to appear in subsequent volumes. Eventually, when all the finds have been studied, the information from them can be assimilated and combined with the trench reports. In this way, a more comprehensive analysis and a better understanding of the various areas, trenches, and contexts may be achieved. While some of the reports presented here offer only tentative or general dates for specific objects, in the course of time greater precision should be achieved. An updated list of publications about Amorium (central Turkey) has been included and this will assist readers to find references to earlier reports and background information. As an aid to understanding the archaeological context and inter-relationship of the finds, concordances have been added wherever the material was sufficiently numerous to make such lists desirable. The volume presents the results of work in several different disciplines, and as a consequence is divided into two principal parts - finds reports and technical studies. As well as archaeology and art history, several of the reports draw heavily on analytical research and scientific methodology. Much more could and should be done to fill some of the gaps in this work, but to a large extent the ability to do so relies on research beyond the site of Amorium itself - either in an intensive survey of the city's territory or in the more extensive publication of comparable material from elsewhere, especially from other sites in central Anatolia.

This book provides a complete catalogue of the collections of Palaeolithic artefacts from Egypt housed in the Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford. Though none of these collections derive from excavations, they nevertheless constitute a valuable research resource from both a historical and an archaeological point of view, and additional information is provided in order that this may become clear. The seventeen collections comprise 1009 objects. The founding collection of the Pitt Rivers Museum, which arrived in 1884, included only a handful of such objects, but the numbers dramatically increased during the forty-eight years that Henry Balfour served as Curator (1891-1939). The earliest donations made during this period came from two Oxford graduates, Quibell (1896) and MacIver (1899-1901). These were followed by the collections of Forbes (1900), Garstang (1901), Mace (1904), Hall (1905), the Committee of the Egypt Exploration Fund (1910), Ruffer (1919), Bell (1921), Currelly (1924), Balfour's own small collection (1926), Davies (1926), Evans (1928) and Evans-Pritchard (1934). Henry Balfour died in 1939 and was succeeded by Tom Penniman, and it was during Penniman's term of office that the Seligman Collection was donated in 1940. The last collection, the Bishop Collection, arrived into the care of the fifth Curator, Schuyler Jones, in 1988. The collections fall into two categories: the largest category consists of those artefacts which were collected with a scientific and/or anthropological interest in mind; a much smaller category consists of artefacts collected by 'collectors', be they professional (the Egyptologists) or amateur (Seton-Karr and Ruffer). Among these field collectors, however, one man stands out. Charles Seligman collected everything: tools, cores, waste flakes and even small fragments. Because of his significant role in the development of Palaeolithic archaeology, and because his collection is by far the largest among the Pitt Rivers Museum Egyptian Palaeolithic collections, Seligman therefore constitutes the focus of this study. This book is divided into two parts. The first part provides a historical, archaeological and geographical context for the Pitt Rivers Museum collections of Palaeolithic artefacts from Egypt. The second part of the book consists of three catalogues. These collections represent a significant historical document which covers the first sixty years of Palaeolithic archaeology in Egypt.

Israel is, and always has been, a geographical, historical and most importantly cultural crossroads, linking three continents, three of the great ancient religions, and thousands of years of history and culture. Archaeology in this region has always been interested in urban areas, in ancient sites such as Jerusalem, but the rural area of this country has always been neglected. This is suprising considering that this has always been a region of small settlements, villagers, and herdsmen, such as those depicted in biblical sources. This study is aimed at depicting the wide ranges of rural lifestyles that have been present in Israel over the various periods of history. There are reports beginning with the Early Bronze age, passing through the Iron Age, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, and ranging as far forward as the period of occupation under the Mamlukes. This effectively spans the periods from the late Prehistoric through to Modern times. There are 10 reports in this study, and they deal with various artificial aspects of the rural way of life in ancient Israel in terms of the history and archaeology of various sites, and these reports deal with a number of sites or areas during a specific time-span. Studies focus upon particular themes such as Economic Activities (e.g. agriculture or trade), Settlement Patterns and Processes, and the Physical Construction of rural sites (e.g. village layout, architecture, roads and communications). The ten studies present do not cover the area that so wide-ranging a general title would suggest, but they do cover a large range of topics and archaeological methods. The first topic in this report is one giving an overview of Landscape Archaeology in the Southern Levant Region, going over various methods and practices carried out. This gives a good introduction to the report, and subsequent reports gradually build up a picture of the rural landscape of Israel. One interesting and unusual approach is taken by the contribution of J.Schwartz, whose report on "Dogs in Ancient Rural Jewish Society" is of particular interest. This perspective of study focuses on rural Israel in terms of sheep/herding dogs, hunting dogs, guard dogs, and the kufri-dogs (a sort of tamed wild dog or Jackal). This is a good example of how this study tackles life in rural Israel and gives an interesting and approachable account.

The objective of this monograph is to elucidate the nature of the health, diet and lifestyles of the two Iron Age populations buried at the cemetery complex of Aymyrlyg, Tuva, south Siberia, through an osteological and palaeopathological examination of their skeletal remains. A multidisciplinary approach was adopted which saw the integration of archaeological, documentary, and environmental evidence with the data derived from the skeletal analysis. During this work a rich array of traumatic lesions were identified among the remains, injuries which shed light on the everyday activities, occupations and warfare practices of the two population groups. The current text provides an in-depth account of the palaeopathological evidence for trauma, while placing it in its archaeological context. Appendix 1 contains data pertaining to the preservation of the remains and the minimum number of bone values that were employed during their examination, while Appendix 2 consists of a gazetteer of the skeletal remains included in the analysis which displayed evidence for trauma. South Siberia and Mongolia are amongst the regions of the Old World with the most ancient traditions of pastoralism. The analysis of the skeletal remains from Aymyrlyg provided a rare opportunityfor the examination of a substantial corpus of skeletal remains of semi-nomadic pastoralists from the vast Eurasian steppe-lands. The research represented one of the first palaeopathological studies of an archaeological population from south Siberia to have been undertaken and, as such, it has made a major contribution to our understanding of life and death in Iron Age Central Asia.

Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit - Monograph Series 6This volume presents the results from two excavations in the extra-mural area of Roman Godmanchester. Excavation at the Parks, to the north of the Roman town, was undertaken during 1998 in advance of a housing development, providing an opportunity to examine a large area flanking a Roman road. Important evidence for early Romano-British land-division and pottery production, mainly in the 2nd to 3rd centuries, was recorded. The most significant discovery was of a cemetery, probably dating to the 4th century, containing 62 largely well-preserved individuals. Excavation at London Road, to the south of Roman Godmanchester, was undertaken in two stages during 1997 and 1998, in advance of a school development, and investigated an area to the rear of the Ermine Street frontage. In addition to evidence of early-prehistoric activity, the excavation identified a sequence of Romano-British ditch-defined enclosures, a timber-framed building, and evidence for industrial activity and livestock herding or ranching. The results of other, smaller-scale investigations, at Chord Business Park, to the south of the Roman town, and at West Street, within the Roman town, are also summarised.

The Nabataean period represents the flowering of a unique culture before it was conquered by Rome. It is conventionally dated from the fourth century B.C. to the Roman conquest in 106 A.D. The Nabataean Kingdom was located in an area between the great cultures of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Phoenician lands. This book focuses on describing terracotta figurines in shapes of humans and animals found on the Nabataean sites in South Jordan and Palestine and provides a detailed catalogue with respect to their shape, ware, possible date, technique of production, meaning and function, to provide important information about the Nabataean culture.

This study is an important contribution to the knowledge of the published (and much un-published) fifth- and fourth-century BC pottery imported into Cyrenaica (present day Libya), and especially into the region's great cities of Cyrene, Apollonia, Ptolemais, Barka, and Berenice/Euhesperides. The volume sheds great light on the historical relationship between Cyrenaica and the rest of the Greek world in terms of trade and agriculture, civil and domestic life, and myth, cult and religious practices (including references to the ever-fascinating 'Garden of the Hesperides' and accounts of the Panathenaean Festivals). A full catalogue and 160 plates of photographs (of superb and rare vessels from Libya and great collections from Europe and the US) are central to Dr Elrashedy's study, providing a significant resource for future reference.

Religion and ritual were an important part of life on Minoan Crete although identifying and characterising the deities venerated is not an easy task.

Papers from a session held at the European Association of Archaeologists Fifth Annual Meeting in Bournemouth 1999This work is the result of an EAA session exploring themes of unity and diversity in the way that archaeologists have come to explore and understand elements of the land of Europe. The 17 papers (all expanded and re-worked since the Bournemouth meeting) in this volume were brought together in an attempt to answer such questions and concerns as how can new approaches to past and present landscapes be applied in the field? What methodologies are appropriate? Do we need to re-set the agenda so far as routine survey and recording work are concerned? Included are contributions on theoretical issues, sites: environment relationships, field survey and post-survey methodology, landscape interpretation, and regional heritage management and protection. With an emphasis on the Stone Age, the sites featured range from Russia and Poland, to Italy.

Studies in the History of Collections IIThe Marchese Giovanni Pietro Campana was a Roman banker who formed one of the most important private collections of the first half of the 19th century. The Campana collection was an extraordinary assemblage of antiquities and modern arts and crafts, including maiolica, sculpture and painting from the medieval and Renaissance periods. This study is in two sections. The first is devoted to Campana's biography and to an examination of how he acquired and studied the objects in his collection; the second part is dedicated to the collection itself and its dispersal.

This volume is the result of the Prehistoric Society conference, held at the University of Sheffield in 1999, which concentrated on the ethnoarchaeology of hunter-gatherers and the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition. The 13 papers (representing sites from all over the world) are themed in terms of space, social change, and material culture, and reflect the conference's aim of presenting an 'exhibition' on the current state of ethnoarchaeology and the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition. The event was very much an open exhibition and the pictures - the papers presented here - are offered unabridged for the reader's enjoyment.

The 34 islands that comprise the Marshall group lie in the Pacific Ocean some half way between Hawaii and New Guinea. This study, incorporating landscape, habitation sites, chronologies, and material culture, is a detailed archaeological survey of Utrôk Atoll (in the Northern Marshall Islands) by the former Chief Archaeologist for the Historic Preservation Office, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Low coral atolls are the most precarious of Pacific island landscapes. Utrôk Atoll was colonized and settled for nearly 2000 years, and that resource depression and extinctions were not more visible archaeologically may signal that human populations lived in a sustainable manner. Future investigations may reveal different patterns of resource use, and it is with this comparative approach that we may come to understand the breadth of atoll adaptations - technological, economic, and social.

The book examines the use of pottery by late pre-European contact Cree people occupying a site on the bank of a river in east-central Saskatchewan (Canada). The site of Bushfield West yielded an unusually complete ceramic assemblage which was part of a rich archaeological component representing a possibly asynchronous human occupation. The intact site provided information on the vessel function, which could be correlated not only with the activities which were interpreted to have taken place on the site, but also with certain aspects of the social structure exhibited by the site's inhabitants. An opportunity arose to explore the relationship between pottery use and Selkirk Composite site occupation. Such a relationship can in fact be correlated with certain kinds of social organization, including gender-specific pottery use. The book includes a catalogue of the vessels examined.

The general purpose of this book is to help in the building and refining of theory and methods for studying the past. In one sense, empirical results about the past are by-products of theory construction, part of the iterative process in which we evaluate how well our explanatory system can account for the material world. This study presents just one part in the overall sequences of studies that address the processes that produce variability in stylistic frequencies. It is through this kind of continued experimentation that we will enjoy the fruit of knowledge building: archaeology as an historical science.

The three Iron Age and Romano-British sites presented in this volume demonstrate the implementation of the structured approach to developer-funded contracts promoted by PPG16. Investigation proceeded from desk top study with air-photo analysis, geophysical examination and fieldwalking, to intrusive evaluation and, finally, excavation. These processes are now commonplace, but in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when the sites under discussion in this book were being investigated, they were new and even controversial. Many regarded this new 'business-based' approach to funding and negotiation (under PPG16 rules) with some distaste and even hostility. Nevertheless, they soon came to adopt at least some of the new practices and began to undertake developer-funded contracts. The volume reviews the story behind this development.With contributions by Paul Booth, Robert Bourn, M. Charles, Phil Collins, Barbara Davies, John Davies, Daryl Garton, J. F. Hamshaw-Thomas, Jonathan R. Hunn, David Jordan, Alison Locker, Rajka Makjanic, Graeham Mounteney, James Rackham, Jane Sandoe, James Symonds, P. Wagner and Angela Wardle

A wide-ranging study covering the significance of the Lower Palaeolithic lithic tool traditions usually referred to as Early, Middle and Late Acheulian and Clactonian. The work (concentrating on selected sites from the Upper and Middle Thames Valley) includes sections devoted to the interpretation of significant patterns of artefact manufacture and use and the question of the procurement and economic use of lithic raw material. Special emphasis is given to lithic styles and technology, recurrent morphological patterns within stone tool assemblages, and the effect of the varying distances between occupation sites and the lithic raw material sources.