Databook of the Most Important Polymer and Rubber Additives is a vital reference for anyone working with polymers and rubbers. It provides key information on the properties of the most widely used additives that can be used to alter the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of rubbers and plastics. Additives are presented by their main chemical component, with information for each additive provided in the form of a table divided into 5 sections, covering General Information, Physical Properties, Health and Safety Considerations, Ecological Impact, and Use and Applications. Data provided includes CAS#, acid/base properties, odor, various cloud points, volatility data, surface tension, thermal conductivity, explosion limits, carcinogenicity, oxygen demands, biodegradation probability, air pollution data, applications in different polymers and products, processing requirements and doses, food approvals, substitutes, and more. The companion book, The Encyclopedia of Polymer and Rubber Additives, contains information on the mechanisms of action of each group of additives, their suitable features and modifications, their effect and interferences in complex formulations, and it is illustrated with numerous experimental examples highlighting their performance.
Encyclopedia of Polymer and Rubber Additives documents how polymer properties and performance can be improved through the use of additives, resulting in enhanced physical properties, stability, improved process and assembly, extended shelf life, enhanced purity, and minimized environmental impact. 88 groups of additives used by all segments of the polymer and rubber industries are included, with each group discussed in a systematic manner in order to facilitate easy information retrieval and comparison. Typical chemical structures, mechanisms of action, influences and interferences in complex formulations, and evidence of performance from experimental studies are each featured, with frequent references to monographic sources for even more in-depth knowledge of the subject. The companion volume, Databook of the Most Important Polymer and Rubber Additives is also available. It contains robust technical data on the most essential additives currently in use, and the two books are must-have references for anyone working with rubbers and plastics.
This Fourth Edition of Handbook of Solvents, Volume 2, contains the most comprehensive information ever published on solvents as well as an extensive analysis of the principles of solvent selection and use. The book begins with a discussion of solvents used in over 30 industries which are the main consumers of solvents. The analysis is conducted based on the available data and contains information on the types (and frequently amounts) of solvents used and potential problems and solutions. Picking up where Handbook of Solvents, Volume 1 leaves off, Handbook of Solvents Volume 2 provides information on the methods of analysis of solvents and materials containing solvents, with 2 sections containing standard and special methods of solvent analysis, followed by a discussion of residual solvents left in the final products. The environmental impact of solvents, such as their fate and movement in the water, soil, and air, fate-based management of solvent-containing wastes, and ecotoxicological effects are discussed as are solvents¿ impact on tropospheric air pollution. The next 2 chapters are devoted to the toxicology of solvents and regulations aiming to keep solvent toxicity under control. The analysis of the concentration of solvents in more than 15 industries, specific issues related to the paint industry, and characteristics of the environment in automotive collision repair shops are followed by a thorough discussion of regulations in the USA and Europe. Following chapters show examples of solvent substitution by safer materials, with an emphasis on supercritical solvents, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, and agriculture-based products, such as ethyl lactate. Discussion of solvent recycling, removal, and degradation includes absorptive solvent recovery, comparison of results of recovery and incineration, and application of solar photocatalytic oxidation. The book concludes with an evaluation of methods of natural attenuation of various solvents in soils and modern methods of cleaning contaminated soils.
Handbook of Solvents, Fourth Edition, Volume One provides a comprehensive survey of the science of solvents and their properties, covering all aspects of solvent behavior relevant to chemical and related industries, including agricultural and technical processes, inorganic synthesis, materials chemistry, and more. Divided into two volumes that cover high-level information on the physical chemical properties of the most relevant solvent systems, sections focus on a specific aspect of solvent properties that determine selection, such as the effect on properties of solutes and solutions, properties of different groups of solvents, and the summary of their applications' effect on health and the environment. With insights from specialists in a broad array of different areas and written with an interdisciplinary audience in mind, this thoroughly revised edition provides readers with a complete overview of all the organic solvents available for industrial applications today.
Handbook of Rheological Additives covers how these additives are commonly applied in a wide range of industries, providing readers with information on over 300 organic and inorganic additives. This information is presented in individual tables for each product, whether commercial or generic. Data is divided into General Information, Physical Properties, Health and Safety, Ecological Properties, Use and Performance. Sections cover their state, odor, color, bulk density, density, specific gravity, relative density, boiling point, melting point, pour point, decomposition temperature, glass transition temperature, refractive index, vapor pressure, vapor density, volume resistivity, relative permittivity, ash content, pH, viscosity, rheological behavior, and more. Other notations include updates on NFPA classification, HMIS classification, OSHA hazard class, UN Risk phrases, UN Safety phrases, UN/NA class, DOT class, ADR/RIC class, ICAO/IATA class, IMDG class, packaging group, shipping name, food approvals, autoignition temperature, self-accelerating decomposition temperature, flash point, TLV ACGIH, NIOSH and OSHA, maximum exposure concentration IDLH, animal testing oral-rat, rabbit-dermal, mouse-oral, guinea pig-dermal, rat-dermal, rat-inhalation, mouse-inhalation, ingestion and skin and eye irritation.
Rheological additives are commonly applied in a wide range of industries and this databook provides readers with information on over 300 organic and inorganic additives. This information is presented in individual tables tor each product, whether commercial or generic. The data are divided into five groups, those being General Information, Physical Properties, Health and Safety, Ecological Properties, and Use & Performance. The following information is included in each section: General Information: name, CAS #, EC #, IUPAC name, common name, common synonyms, acronym, biobased, cellulose functionality, charge, degree of substitution, empirical formula, chemical structure, molecular mass, RTECS number, chemical category, product class, product composition, moisture content, and solids content. Physical Properties: state, odor, color, bulk density, density, specific gravity, relative density, boiling point, melting point, pour point, decomposition temperature, glass transition temperature, refractive index, vapor pressure, vapor density, volume resistivity, relative permittivity, ash content, pH, viscosity, rheological behavior, absolute viscosity, surface tension, hydration time, solubility in solvents, solubility in water, the heat of combustion, the heat of decomposition, specific heat, thermal conductivity, Henry¿s law constant, particle size, and volatility. Health & Safety: NFPA classification, HMIS classification, OSHA hazard class, UN Risk phrases, UN Safety phrases, UN/NA class, DOT class, ADR/RIC class, ICAO/IATA class, IMDG class, packaging group, shipping name, food approvals, autoignition temperature, self-accelerating decomposition temperature, flash point, TLV ACGIH, NIOSH and OSHA, maximum exposure concentration IDLH, animal testing oral-rat, rabbit-dermal, mouse-oral, guinea pig-dermal, rat-dermal, rat-inhalation, mouse-inhalation, ingestion, skin irritation, eye irritation, inhalation, first aid eye, skin, and inhalation, carcinogenicity IARC, NTP, OSHA, ACGIH, and mutagenicity. Ecological Properties: biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, theoretical oxygen demand, biodegradation probability, aquatic toxicity algae, Rainbow trout, Sheepshead minnow, Fathead minnow, and Daphnia magna, and partition coefficient. Use & Performance: manufacturer, product feature, recommended for polymers, recommended for products, outstanding properties, compatibility, limitations, a typical reason for use, processing methods, the concentration used, storage temperature, and food approval.
Databook of Impact Modifiers provides key information on how to modify structure and morphology, improve mechanical performance, and prevent changes during the use of polymeric products through proper selection of impact modifiers. The book brings analyses of important publications found in open and patent literature, with special attention given to recent findings that have brought many new essential developments. Sections cover an analysis of chemical origin and related properties of impact modifiers, which are analyzed in general terms to highlight the differences in their properties. This handbook contains the essential theoretical knowledge required for proper selection and use of impact modifiers, including their morphological structure and distribution in a polymer matrix, the effect of polymer crystallization in the presence of and without impact modifiers, important influences on impact modification, mechanisms of modification, and effective methods of incorporation of impact modifiers.
Handbook of Impact Modifiers provides key information on how to modify structure and morphology, improve mechanical performance, and prevent changes during the use of polymeric products through proper selection of impact modifiers. The book brings analyses of important publications found in open and patent literature, with special attention given to recent findings that have brought many new essential developments. Sections cover an analysis of chemical origin and related properties of impact modifiers, which are analyzed in general terms to highlight the differences in their properties. This handbook contains the essential theoretical knowledge required for proper selection and use of impact modifiers, including their morphological structure and distribution in a polymer matrix, the effect of polymer crystallization in the presence of and without impact modifiers, important influences on impact modification, mechanisms of modification, and effective methods of incorporation of impact modifiers.
Self-Healing Materials: Principles and Technology, Second Edition provides engineers and researchers in both industry and academia the information they need to deploy self-healing technology in a range of potential applications, from adhesives to the automotive industry, and from electronics to biomedical implants. Sections discuss the principal mechanisms of self-healing and how these are applied to the development of materials that have the ability to repair themselves, either with minimal or no human intervention. In addition, the book provides a theoretical background and a review of the major research undertaken to date, providing a thorough grounding in this concept and related technology. Other sections compare the parameters of different self-healing technological processes, such as fault detection mechanisms, methods of triggering and turning off the healing processes, the activation energy of self-healing processes, the means and methods of delivery of the healing substances to the defect locations, self-healing timescale (rate of self-healing), and the extent of self-healing (healing efficiency, recovery of properties, etc.). In addition, mathematical modeling of the processes of self-healing (molecular dynamics simulation), the morphology of healed areas, and other important topics are thoroughly discussed.
Polymers used in electronics and electrical engineering are essential to the development of high-tech products, with applications in space, aviation, health, automotive, communication, robotics, consumer products, and beyond. Typical features of mainstream polymers such as mechanical performance, optical behavior, and environmental stability frequently need to be enhanced to perform in these demanding applications, creating the need to develop special grades or use completely new chemistry for their synthesis. Similarly, the typical set of properties included in the description of mainstream polymers are not sufficient for polymer selection for these applications, as they require different data, data that is meticulously detailed in the Handbook of Polymers for Electronics. The book provides readers with the most up-to-date information from the existing literature, manufacturing data, and patent filings. Presenting data for all polymers based on a consistent pattern of arrangement, the book provides details organized into the following sections: General; history; synthesis; structure; commercial polymers; physical properties; electrical properties; mechanical properties; chemical resistance; flammability; weather stability; thermal stability; biodegradation; toxicity; environmental impact; processing; blends; analysis. The contents, scope, treatment and novelty of the data makes this book an essential resource for anyone working with polymeric materials used in modern electronic applications.
Databook of Flame Retardants contains information on commonly-used additives broken out into five sections, including General, Physical, Health and Safety, Ecological, and Use. Over one hundred types of data are included for over three hundred and fifty commercial-based products. All data fields are defined and include a broad range of information, such as calcium contents, molecular mass, brightness, freezing/melting points, viscosity, volatility, UN/NA class, autoignition temperature, partition coefficient, processing methods, concentrations used, and more. This book is best utilized in tandem with the Handbook of Flame Retardants.Each book complements the other without repeating information, with the other release explaining the role of these products, their selection, mechanism of action, use in different polymers and products, and health and commercial issues related to flame retardants.
Handbook of Flame Retardants contains an extensive evaluation of the existing literature, products and patents related to flame retardance. As a perfect complement to The Databook of Flame Retardants, this book explains the roles, selection, mechanisms of action, use in different polymers and products, and health and environmental issues of over 350 different products. Chapters highlight the fundamentals of material burning and the associated stages of heat, flame and smoke, properties and mechanisms, and preventive, delaying and extinguishing attributes of 27 chemical groups of flame retardants. Examples of synergistic and antagonistic actions of various additives are discussed next, along with testing methods. The book concludes with chapters providing guidance on optimal selection of flame retardants for various polymers and information on the toxicity of flame retardants and their effects on the environment.
Polymers in Organic Electronics: Polymer Selection for Electronic, Mechatronic, and Optoelectronic Systems provides readers with vital data, guidelines, and techniques for optimally designing organic electronic systems using novel polymers. The book classifies polymer families, types, complexes, composites, nanocomposites, compounds, and small molecules while also providing an introduction to the fundamental principles of polymers and electronics. Features information on concepts and optimized types of electronics and a classification system of electronic polymers, including piezoelectric and pyroelectric, optoelectronic, mechatronic, organic electronic complexes, and more. The book is designed to help readers select the optimized material for structuring their organic electronic system.Chapters discuss the most common properties of electronic polymers, methods of optimization, and polymeric-structured printed circuit boards. The polymeric structures of optoelectronics and photonics are covered and the book concludes with a chapter emphasizing the importance of polymeric structures for packaging of electronic devices.
Handbook of Antioxidants provides a wealth of information on the mechanics, practical effects and applications of a wide range of antioxidants. The book starts by introducing the general concepts relating to antioxidants and their application, then segues into a discussion on existing natural and synthetic antioxidants, characterizing their general properties and application. Formation and action of oxidizing species in living organisms, ambient air, industrial environments, and chemical reactions are covered next. Subsequent chapters cover the theories and mechanisms of stabilization, performance indicators, antioxidant selection, degradation and stabilization of different polymers and rubbers, specific effects on other components of formulation, and analytical methods. This book is an excellent companion to the Databook of Antioxidants which has also been published recently. Both books supplement each other without repeating the same information ¿ one contains data another theory, mechanisms of action, practical effects and implications of application.
Databook of Antioxidants is divided into five sections covering general information, physical properties, health and safety considerations, ecological properties and the use and performance of each featured antioxidant. A general information section includes CAS #, common name/synonym, acronym, chemical category, moisture content, and more. The physical properties section features data on state, odor, color (Gardner and Platinum-cobalt scales), acid number, ash contents, and other characteristics. The health and safety section displays data on flashpoint, autoignition temperatures, explosive LEL and UEL, NFPA flammability and reactivity, ingestion, first aid, and beyond. The ecological properties portion of the book contains data on biodegradation probability, aquatic toxicity LC50, and partition coefficients, and the book concludes with a chapter on use and performance considerations with information on manufacturer, outstanding properties, typical applications, recommended dosage, concentration used, food approval, and more.This book is an excellent companion to the Handbook of Antioxidants which has also been published recently. Both books supplement each other without repeating the same information ¿ one contains data another theory, mechanisms of action, practical effects and implications of application.
Chain Mobility and Progress in Medicine, Pharmaceuticals, and Polymer Science and Technology covers the core fundamentals and applications of chain movement, chain mobility, segmental mobility, segmental dynamics, and chain orientation in polymer science, medicine, pharmaceuticals, and other disciplines. The book starts by defining principal terms, then looks at the work of Pierre-Gilles de Gennes and his 1991 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on polymer-chain motion. From there the book discusses the different mechanisms of chain motion of macromolecular substances, the conditions under which chains move, and the effects of these movements on properties of materials, such as chain alignment, chain orientation, creation of free volume, dimensional stability, and more. The final chapters provide insight on analytical methods of chain movement, chain movement phenomena in different polymers, and various fields of application. All concepts, findings, and applications are discussed in easy-to-understand language stripped of disciplinary slang, making the book accessible to researchers and practitioners across a variety of scientific fields.
Functional Fillers: Chemical Composition, Morphology, Performance, Applications demonstrates the applications of fillers, their chemical composition or modification, and morphological features. The book includes two sections, with the first part covering classic fillers, analyzing the current modifications in relation to composition and morphology, and enabling enhancements in properties and applications. The second part presents the new generation of fillers, which are providing designers with exceptional properties not previously available with classic fillers used in industry. This book supports engineers, researchers and technicians working with fillers, and will be of great interest to professionals working across the chemical, pharmaceutical, medicinal and electronics industries.
Databook of Plasticizers, Second Edition, contains data on the most important plasticizers in use today, including over 375 generic and commercial plasticizers. The data comes from a range of sources beyond plasticizers' manufacturers, allowing for a detailed comparison of properties between different plasticizers. Over 100 different data fields are provided, from general information, such as molecular structure and formula, to physical properties, health and safety information, ecological properties, and recommendations regarding appropriate use and performance of each plasticizer. The databook is an essential resource for engineers, technicians, and materials scientists responsible for specifying a plasticizer. It provides trustworthy and up-to-date data that is applicable to a range of numerous application areas, such as construction, automotives, food packaging, and more.
Handbook of Solvents, Volume Two: Use, Health, and Environment, Third Edition, contains the most comprehensive information ever published on solvents and an extensive analysis of the principles of solvent selection and use. The book is intended to help formulators select ideal solvents, safety coordinators protect workers, and legislators and inspectors define and implement public safeguards on solvent usage, handling and disposal. The book begins with a discussion of solvent use in over 30 industries, which are the main consumers of solvents. The analysis is conducted based on available data and contains information on the types of solvents used and potential problems and solutions. In addition, the possibilities for solvent substitution are also discussed, with an emphasis on supercritical solvents, ionic liquids, ionic melts, and agriculture-based products. Assists in solvent selection by providing key information and insight on environmental and safety issuesProvides essential best practice guidance for human health considerationsDiscusses the latest advances and trends in solvent technology, including modern methods of cleaning contaminated soils, selection of gloves, suits and respirators
Solvents are used in nearly all industries, from cosmetics to semiconductors, and from biotechnology research to iron and steel production. This book is a comprehensive and extensive textual analysis of the principles of solvent selection and use. It is a balanced presentation of solvent performance, processing characteristics, and environment and health issues. The book is intended to help formulators select ideal solvents, safety coordinators to protect workers, legislators and inspectors to define and implement technically correct public safeguards on solvent use, handling, and disposal. The third edition contains the most recent findings and trends in the solvent application. This volume, together with Vol. 2: Use, Health & Environment, Databook of Green Solvents, and Databook of Solvents, contains the most comprehensive, and up to date information ever published on solvents. Each chapter in this volume is focused on a specific aspect of solvent properties which determine its selection, such as effect on properties of solutes and solutions, properties of different groups of solvents and the summary of their applications'' effect on health and environment (given in tabulated form), swelling of solids in solvents, solvent diffusion and drying processes, nature of interaction of solvent and solute in solutions, acid-base interactions, effect of solvents on spectral and other electronic properties of solutions, effect of solvents on rheology of solution, aggregation of solutes, permeability, molecular structure, crystallinity, configuration, and conformation of dissolved high molecular weight compounds, methods of application of solvent mixtures to enhance the range of their applicability, and effect of solvents on chemical reactions and reactivity of dissolved substances. Provides key insights that will help engineers and scientists select the best solvent for the jobIncludes practical information and ideas on how to improve existing processes involving solventsBrings together a selection of authors who are specialists in their areas Presents the latest advances in solvent technology and their applications
Handbook of Curatives and Crosslinkers, Second Edition presents the mechanisms of action of these additives, methods of their use, their effects on the properties of transformed products, as well as their applications. The book outlines the most-recent information on additives that convert soluble monomers, prepolymers, or polymers to insoluble polymer networks commonly known as thermosetting polymers. Chapters cover the common use of curatives in many industrial products manufactured in large scale, such as adhesives, sealants, coatings, inks, explosives, propellants and foams, and in emerging products such as optoelectronics, light-emitting diodes, shape memory polymers, and more. In addition, crosslinkers used in typical industrial processing methods, such as solar cells, vulcanization, adhesives, foams, and roofing are covered. Each section presents the effect of the additive, including an evaluation of its chemical and physical properties. Also available is the complementary Databook of Curatives and Crosslinkers, Second Edition, which provides information on both the commercial and generic chemical products used as curatives and crosslinkers.
Graphene: Important Results and Applications provides an overview on the latest research in graphene production and applications. The most advanced methods of production, including chemical vapor deposition, reduction of graphene oxide, and detonation reaction are explored, as is current research results on the unique nature of graphene and its types, including morphology and thickness, mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, elastic properties of 2D and 3D structures, and more. Chapters covering the dispersion of graphene into the polymer matrix and chemical modifications and their potential applications are also featured. The book concludes with sections focusing on current and future applications. Provides an extensive account on the latest research in methods of production of graphene and its derivativesCovers commercial manufacture, research results, property data and cutting-edge applicationsDiscusses methods of incorporation in graphene products, chemical modifications and projected future uses
Databook of Curatives and Crosslinkers, Second Edition provides expanded coverage of the latest curative and crosslinker product data, including detailed reviews and evaluations of these product categories with key considerations, benefits, and applications highlighted. Forty groups of curatives and crosslinkers are included in the book, including the following chemical groups of additives: acids, acrylamides, aldehydes, amides, amidoamines, amines, anhydrides, aziridines, borates, epoxy-functionalized polymers, carbamides, carbodiimides, chitosan derivatives, cyanamides, diols, glutarates, glycols, graphene oxide derivatives, hydantoin glycols, hydrazides, hydroxides, hydroxyl-containing moieties, imidazoles, isocyanates, isocyanurates, ketimines, maleimides, melamines, novolacs, peroxides, peroxyketals, phenols, polyols, salts, silanes, siloxanes, thiols, titanates, and ziconium derivatives. The additives discussed in the handbook have been suggested for use in over 60 polymers and rubbers, as well as in close to 100 groups of products. Information on each additive is divided into 5 sections: General Information which covers name, CAS #, active matter, amine nitrogen, chemical class, cure schedule, and more; Physical Properties which covers odor, color, density, freezing point, gel time, particle size, thin film set time, and more; Health and Safety covering autoignition temperature, dermal LD50, exposure limits, flash point, and more; Ecological Properties covering toxicity to algae, bacteria, and fish, sewage treatment, and more, and lastly, Use and Performance which offers information on manufacturers, outstanding properties, and more.
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