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A wide range of chemical products (especially fine chemicals) are important for a healthy and enjoyable modern life; therefore efficient syntheses of these materials are essential. Traditional stoichiometric processes need to be replaced by modern catalytical methods in the change to sustainable chemistry and the production of lower amounts of waste. This book summarizes the wide variety of catalytic methods that have been developed and applied on an industrial scale in recent years to fulfill this goal. The synthesis of compound classes such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, flavoring, and fragrance compounds as well as food additives such as vitamins exemplify the use of these modern catalytic methods in the modern chemical industry.

This book presents a projector analysis of dynamic systems on time scales. The dynamic systems are classified as first, second, third and fourth kinds. For each classes of dynamic systems the basic matrix chains are constructed. The proposed theory is applied for decoupling of dynamic equations on time scales. Properly involved derivatives, constraints and consistent initial values for the considered equations are defined. A linearization for nonlinear dynamic systems is introduced and the total derivative for regular linearized equations with tractability index one is investigated.

The future has become a problem for the present. Almost every critical issue is now understood and experienced through the prism of the future since this is the primary focus for the playing out of crises. Senses of the Future offers a wide-ranging discussion of theories of the future. It covers the main ideas of the future in modern thought and explores how we should view the future today in light of a plurality of very different and conflicting visions. The key contribution of this book is to bring together the different approaches with an account that is grounded in sociological and philosophical analysis as opposed to visions of the future that are inspired by extreme visions of catastrophe or approaches that see the future as only the continuation of the present. Given a revival of apocalyptical visions of the 'end times' and dystopian views of the future of human societies, there is urgent need for a new approach on how we should imagine the future. The author explores the future as a field of tensions that is revealed in narratives, utopian desires, hope, imaginaries, and social struggles concerning the potential possibilities of the present: the future does not just arrive; it has to be fought for. This book is an important contribution to a critical sociology of the future. It is both a work of reconstruction and critique grounded in a historical and philosophical hermeneutics of the future. Table of Contents Chapter OneIntroduction: Conflicting Visions of the FutureContested Visions of the Future TodayReturn to the FutureOutline of the ChaptersReferences Chapter TwoWhen is the Future? The Problem of Time and the Human ConditionTime in the Physical World: Lessons from PhysicsHas the Future already Begun? Time and HistoryTime, Life, and the Human Condition: Biology, Evolution, and CultureConclusionReferences Chapter ThreeLessons from the Past: What Does the Past Tell Us about the Future?The Future in the PastFailed Societies and Civilizational CollapseCatastrophes and HistoryConclusionReferences Chapter FourModernity and the Concept of the Future: Utopia, Progress, and ProphecyThe Future as ExpectationThe Future as an Imaginary and the Emergence of UtopianismThe Future as PossibilityThe Future as ExperienceConclusionReferences Chapter FiveIdeas of the Future in the Twentieth Century: Futurism, Modernism, Sociology, and Political TheoryNew Political Ideas of the Future after 1945Responses to the Future: From Fear of the Future to FuturologySociological Theory and the FutureConclusion: The New Sociology of the FutureReferences Chapter SixCritical Theory and the Future: The Sources of TranscendenceThe Intellectual Origins of Critical Theory: A Brief OutlineThe Idea of the Future in the Critical Theory of the Early Frankfurt SchoolHabermas and the Communication ParadigmThe Responsibility Paradigm and Cosmopolitanism: Jonas and ApelCritical Cosmopolitanism and the Idea of the FutureConclusion: Cultural Models and the Future as PossibilityReferences Chapter SevenConclusion: In The Shadow of the FutureDo We Need a Theory of the Future?Are we already in a New Historical Era?AI and a Posthuman FutureStruggles for the FutureReferences Index

The book is focused on physical interpretation and visualization of the obtained invariant solutions for nonlinear mathematical modeling of atmospheric and ocean waves. This volume represents a unique blend of analytical and numerical methods complemented by the author's developments in ocean and atmospheric sciences and it is meant for researchers and graduate students interested in applied mathematics and mathematical modeling.

Given the strong migration trends in our society all over the years, this handbook addresses the upcoming topic of migrant entrepreneurship in all its colourful facets. Migration, ethnic minorities, and related phenomena are currently the subject of intensive scholarly discussion and a heated public debate. Migrant entrepreneurship is a powerful issue within this debate as it creates numerous chances for both migrants and societies - despite significant challenges. In 19 chapters scholars from different disciplines and countries shed light on the phenomenon of migrant entrepreneurship. Long traditions of studies have resulted in the diversity of topics and approaches applied by scholars, and the handbook offers a systematization of research efforts. It also aims to explore future research avenues by providing inspirations. Three types of readers can benefit from this handbook: researchers, professionals (including policymakers), and students from around the world.

The book is a study of the emergence of market economy with modern economic institutions in the early civilizations of Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt from the third and early second millennium B.C.E. The study covers the Sumerian, Old Assyrian and Old Babylonian periods. The economic analysis is based on Institutional Economics theory, and the data on the Old Assyrian period is based on the work of many scholars that transliterated, translated and studied many of the 23,000 documents of the Old Assyrian traders found in old Kanesh in Central Turkey.The book includes chapters on the institutions of: property rights; the markets and means of exchange; the organization and finance of trade; and enforcement institutions from the judicial, social and political systems. In addition, it gives a detailed analysis of: the early means of exchange (money) like the use of volume measure of barely and weight measure of copper and silver in Sumer; various instruments establishing property rights such as Kuduru border stones, seals and inserted cones in walls; detailed analysis of the communication system and its components; and the description of the modern financial instruments used to include, for example, limited partnerships.

This book covers various topics and trends about the advancements of maker education and the use of intelligent educational robots (IER), artificial intelligence, intelligent agents, and machine learning in P-12 education. It emphasizes promoting students (SR). The main aim of the book is to offer an overview of recent research into the adoption, integration, advancements, and impact of IER on education in the context of maker education. The topics include the application of various technologies and educational approaches for realizing IER and enhance maker education. It presents findings and discussion on applications, addresses open issues and challenges, offers solutions, and provides suggestions for future lines of research for achieving IER. This book assists researchers, practitioners, professionals, and academicians of various scientific domains in exploring and better comprehending the state-of-the-art of maker education and IER, their advancements, their impact and future potentials and benefits in education.

The De Gruyter Handbook of Humor Studies consolidates the cumulative contributions in theory and research on humor from 57 international scholars representing 21 different countries in the widest possible diversity of disciplines. It organizes research in a unique conceptual framework addressing two broad themes: the Essence of Humor and the Functions of Humor. Furthermore, scholars of humor have recognized that humor is not only a universal human experience, it is also inherently social, shared among people and woven into the fabric of nearly every type of interpersonal relationship. Scholars across all academic disciplines have addressed questions about the essence and functions of humor at different "levels of analysis" relating to how narrowly or broadly they conceptualize the social context of humor. Accordingly, the editors have organized each broad thematic section into four subsections defined by "level of analysis." The book first addresses questions about individual psychological processes and text properties, then moves to questions involving broader conceptualizations of the social context addressing humor and social relations, and humor and culture. By providing a comprehensive review of foundational work as well as new research and theoretical advancements across academic disciplines, the De Gruyter Handbook of Humor Studies will serve as the foremost authoritative research handbook for experienced humor scholars as well as an essential starting point for newcomers to the field, such as graduate students seeking to conduct their own research on humor. Further, by highlighting the interdisciplinary interest of new and emerging areas of research the book identifies and defines directions for future research for scholars from every discipline that contributes to our understanding of humor.

Unlike the bulk majority of publications on philosophy of science and research ethics, which are authored by professional philosophers and intended for philosophers, this book has been written by a research practitioner and intended for research practitioners. It is distinctive by its integrative approach to methodological and ethical issues related to research practice, with special emphasis of mathematical modelling and measurement, as well as by attempted application of engineering design methodology to moral decision making. It is also distinctive by more than 200 real-world examples drawn from various domains of science and technology. It is neither a philosophical treaty nor a quick-reference guide. It is intended to encourage young researchers, especially Ph.D. students, to deeper philosophical reflection over research practice. They are not expected to have any philosophical background, but encouraged to consult indicated sources of primary information and academic textbooks containing syntheses of information from primary sources. This book can be a teaching aid for students attending classes aimed at identification of methodological and ethical issues related to technoscientific research, followed by introduction to the methodology of analysing dilemmas arising in this context.

Invective phenomena with the purpose or effect of marginalization and exclusion, of insult and debasement, of discrimination and verbal aggression have long been in the focus of discourse-analytical research. Among the various linguistic disciplines that deal with invective communication, discourse approaches have a particular analytical potential. They shift the focus to discursive conditions and the effects of power relations which make invective practices possible in the first place, and shed light on their contextual and epistemic embeddings. The interdisciplinary volume is devoted to the forms, formats, and effects of invective communication in both contemporary and historical discourse constellation, from different cultural contexts and in diverse media constellations. The contributions from the fields of linguistics, literature, and sociology thus demonstrate the potentials of discourse-analytical approaches in the study of invectives and invectivity.

This book examines an extremely topical phenomenon, the massive industrial exploitation of animals, from a previously neglected perspective. It explores the history and development of animal industries in Nordic countries from their establishment in the late nineteenth century to the present day. These countries are often considered to be progressive and advanced in animal protection, but consumption practices in this area are actually excessive in relation to planetary resources and are among the most unsustainable on a global scale. If we want to understand current problems, it is essential to be aware of long-term changes and continuities, as well as the diversity of animals that have been exploited. The purpose of this book is to explain these changes and provide new knowledge for scholars in human-animal studies, decisionmakers and the general public.

Written artefacts are traditionally studied because of their content. Material aspects of these artefacts enrich the study of ancient history in many ways. Eleven case studies in five sections on the ancient world, including the Near East, Egypt, the Mediterranean, China and India, demonstrate the impact of a holistic approach that considers materiality and content alike.Following an introductory sketch of relevant research, the first section, 'Methodological Considerations', critically examines the limitations the evidence available imposes on our understanding. 'Early Uses of Writing' addresses material and spatial aspects of inscriptions, and their communicative functions over the textual ones. The third section, 'Material Features', deals with clay, wooden and papyrus manuscripts and demonstrates the importance of an integrated approach. The contributions to 'Co-presence of Written Artefacts' take into account that written artefacts come in clusters. The final section, 'Cultural Encounters', presents studies on the interactions between social strata and ethnic groups, challenging previous ideas.The volume contributes to the comparative study of written artefacts in ancient history, stimulating cross-disciplinary and -cultural research.

Who is morally permitted to tell jokes about Jews? Poles? Women? Only those in the group? Only those who would be punching up? Anyone, since they are just jokes? All of the standard approaches are too broad or too narrow. In on the Joke provides a more sophisticated approach according to which each person possesses "joke capital" that can serve as "comic insurance" covering certain jokes in certain contexts. When Bob tells a joke about Jews, we can never know exactly what Bob is intending since we cannot see inside Bob's mind. But we could reasonably infer, if we knew Bob himself was Jewish, if he worked tirelessly for Jewish causes, or was a card-carrying Neo-Nazi. Each would affect his joke capital, and, in certain circumstances, we would have a moral standing to demand to see his ledger to see how much joke capital he had with respect to Jews. The permissibility of that joke depends upon four factors: the joke, the teller of the joke, the audience, and the setting. The view developed in In on the Joke is the only view that clearly explains how each of these components work together in an integrated, effective ethic of humor.

Additive Manufacturing is a method of manufacturing parts and products directly from design data, by adding layers of materials in order to obtain the final shape and size with high accuracy and negligible waste. The book covers the latest developments of hybrid and bio-inspired 3D Printing, the use of Artificial Intelligence and the applications to Industry 4.0, real-time defect detection, hybrid and bio-inspired 3D Printing. .

This first volume of Collected Works of the ERC Project TYPARABIC focuses on the history of printing during the 18th century in the Ottoman Empire and the Romanian Principalities among diverse linguistic and confessional communities. Although "most roads lead to Istanbul," the many pathways of early modern Ottoman printing also connected authors, readers and printers from Central and South-Eastern Europe, Western Europe and the Levant. The papers included in this volume are grouped in three sections. The first focuses on the first Turkish-language press in the Ottoman capital, examining the personality and background of its founder, İbrahim Müteferrika, the legal issues it faced, and its context within the multilingual Istanbul printing world. The second section brings together studies of printing and readership in Central and South-East Europe in Romanian, Greek and Arabic. The final section is made up of studies of the Arabic liturgical and biblical texts that were the main focus of Patriarch Athanasios III Dabbās' efforts in the Romanian Principalities and Aleppo. This volume will be of interest to scholars of the history of printing, Ottoman social history, Christian Arabic literature and Eastern Orthodox liturgy.

Um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts verfügten die deutschen Bergleute mit den Knappschaftsvereinen über ein eigenes institutionalisiertes Sozialversicherungssystem, dessen historische Wurzeln bis zurück ins Mittelalter reichen und das insbesondere auch beispielgebend für die Ausgestaltung der Bismarckschen Sozialversicherung war. Mit Blick auf die Periode zwischen Knappschaftsgesetz einerseits und Gründung der Reichsknappschaft andererseits (1854-1923) untersucht diese Arbeit ein versicherungsökonomisches Problem, über das bereits die zeitgenössischen Beobachter der Knappschaftsvereine intensiv diskutierten: Wie ist die optimale Größe eines Sozialversicherungsträgers zu bestimmen und zu implementieren? Gibt es überhaupt eine "optimale" Größe oder gilt nicht vielmehr "je größer, desto besser"? Diese Fragen am historischen Beispiel zu untersuchen, ist Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit.

The present volume examines an underdeveloped component in the theology of Karl Barth. Specifically, the work asks: how, and to what extent, can faith be understood as ontologically proper to the trinitarian becoming of God? The work argues for an ontological grounding of faith in the becoming of God. To do so, Watson performs an in-depth examination of Barth's understanding of the concept of faith. Using Barth's threefold movement of revelation, the work contends God can be thought of as the subject (Glaubender), predicate (Glaube), and object (Geglaubte) of faith. Barth's theological exposition of Jesus as subject and object of election offers a promising proposal for how faith is ontologically understood. At the same time, the argument brings to the fore a crucial component of Barth's theological program, namely, the concept of recognition (Anerkennung). God's recognizing faith is then conceived as the condition of the possibility of human faith. Drawing on Barth's entire oeuvre, Watson offers an understanding of the divine becoming of faith that opens possibilities for thinking systematically about the realization of the corresponding human faith.

Eldred offers a remedy to the consequences of ancient Greek misconceptions of time that are also entrenched in today's mathematized physics. Here time is spatialized as the one-dimensionally linear 'arrow of time' for the sake of predicting and controlling movement. But such spatialized time distorts the phenomenon of time itself. An alternative, hermeneutic-phenomenological path begins with a pre-spatial concept of time that is genuinely three-dimensional. This paves the way for recasting who we are as humans in belonging, first of all, to the free openness of 3D-temporality. This belonging enables temporally 3D-vision of the psyche that empowers us to see movement at all and reconcile its inherent contradictoriness. We are then also able to conceive ourselves no longer merely as internally cogitating, self-conscious subjects, but as engaged existentially in temporally 3D-interplay, mutually estimating and esteeming who we are. This unpredictable interplay is constrained, however, by being played out in the sociating medium of thingified value, the accumulative movement of thingified value having gained the upper hand in dictating our life-movements as well as our interplay with the earth.

Die Würzburger Sammlung umfaßt heute 216 Inventarnummern, davon 204 griechische Texte. Bisher sind 30 Stücke veröffentlicht, der größte Teil von Ulrich Wilcken, dem Gründer der Sammlung und Gründervater der Papyrologie in Deutschland. Dieser Band führt den von Wilcken 1934 veröffentlichten einzigen Editionsband fort mit 34 Ersteditionen sowie einer Neuedition. Bis auf ein möglicherweise literarisches Fragment handelt es sich um Urkunden. Darunter befindet sich eine Gruppe von 16 aus Kartonnage gewonnenen Fragmenten aus der Thebais der ersten Hälfte des 2. Jh. v. Chr., teilweise aus militärischem Kontext. Die römische Zeit ist mit einem weitgehend vollständigen Geschäftsbrief aus der Zeit des Tiberius vertreten. Aus byzantinischer Zeit stammen Fragmente mit amtlicher Korrespondenz und Verträgen, dazu einige Listen. Schon in die arabische Zeit gehören ein Sigillion über freies Geleit und eine Aufstellung über Grund- und Kopfsteuer. Der Frage nach der Provenienz ist in einem eigenen Kapitel Rechnung getragen, das alle bisher bekannten Quellen zur Erwerbungsgeschichte der Sammlung auswertet. Das neue Material ist für die Sozial-, Wirtschafts- und Militärgeschichte Ägyptens sowie Antikenhandel und Provenienzforschung von Bedeutung.

Interaction with religions was one of the most demanding tasks for imperial leaders. Religions could be the glue that held an empire together, bolstering the legitimacy of individual rulers and of the imperial enterprise as a whole. Yet, they could also challenge this legitimacy and jeopardize an empire's cohesiveness. As empires by definition ruled heterogeneous populations, they had to interact with a variety of religious cults, creeds, and establishments. These interactions moved from accommodation and toleration, to cooptation, control, or suppression; from aligning with a single religion to celebrating religious diversity or even inventing a new transcendent civic religion; and from lavish patronage to indifference. The volume's contributors investigate these dynamics in major Eurasian empires--from those that functioned in a relatively tolerant religious landscape (Ashokan India, early China, Hellenistic, and Roman empires) to those that allied with a single proselytizing or non-proselytizing creed (Sassanian Iran, Christian and Islamic empires), to those that tried to accommodate different creeds through "pay for pray" policies (Tang China, the Mongols), exploring the advantages and disadvantages of each of these choices.

The second century BCE was a time of prolonged debate at Rome about the changing nature of warfare. From the outbreak of the Second Punic War in 218 to Rome's first civil war in 88 BCE, warfare shifted from the struggle against a great external enemy to a conflict against internal parties. This book argues that Rome's Italian subjects were central to this development: having rebelled and defected to Hannibal at the end of the third century, the allies again rebelled in 91 BCE, with significant consequences for Roman thought about warfare as such. These "rebellions" constituted an Italian renewal of the war against their old conqueror, Rome, and an internal war within the polity. Accordingly, we need to add 'internal war' to the already well-established dichotomy of foreign and civil war. This fresh analysis of the second century demonstrates that the Roman experience of internal war during this period provided the natural stepping-stone in the invention of civil war as such. It conceives of the period from the Second Punic War onward as an 'antebellum' period to the later civil war(s) of the Late Republic, during which contemporary observers looked back at the last 'great war' against Hannibal in preparation for the next conflict.

The contributions in the edited volume deal with different aspects of language contact which were hitherto not or not sufficiently considered in linguistic research. The impact of the colonial languages Polish and German on the structures of the written varieties of Latvian is surveyed and compared. The opposite case - the impact of indigenous languages of Nigeria and Ghana on the colonial language English - is scrutinized from the perspective of the nexus of language and culture. Language contact in a diasporic context is examined in the case study on Jordanian Chechen. The effects of language contact on the lexicon and grammar of Basque are analyzed. In the in-depth study on Maltese adpositions, the influence of the contact language Italian is a central theme. The morphosyntax of place names is analyzed for the contact languages which typically arise in colonial contexts - Pidgins and Creoles. In the typological study dealing with areal phonology, languages of Europe are investigated revealing that the role of language contact is crucial for the distribution of phonological phenomena. The novel nature and new strands of research in the contributions call for further investigations and form a new component in language-contact theory.

A slow and consistent study of the approaches for drug design can help the foundation for a good scientific intuition. This edition includes over 30 new illustrations, numerous new mechanistic schemes and enhanced original figures. In addition, the use of color makes its study more pleasant and impressive. The Second Edition has been thoroughly revised with a modern look. The chapters on QSAR and Drug Metabolism have been extended, emphasizing concepts, such as the hyperconjugative effect or the anomeric effect, in which the student normally finds it difficult to understand. Stereoelectronic effects are essential to explain the mechanism of action of drugs and therefore, its agile and intuitive handling will allow the student access to both chemical and biological mechanisms, in a more rational way. The text is illustrated with hundreds of formulas and many tables that facilitate the understanding of this interesting discipline, which is halfway between Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacology. This Volume is aimed at building basis principles on drug design and it is likely to be of interest to students reading, pharmacy, pharmacology, and pharmaceutical chemistry. This book emphasizes general principles of drug design and drug action from an organic chemical perspective, rather than from the overview of specific classes of drugs, allowing the reader to extrapolate information to many related classes of drug molecules. This volume presents an organic chemistry's perspective of how drug are designed and assuming no prior knowledge of biochemistry, and pharmacology. It is written in an informal, clear style so that undergraduates can easily understand the concepts presented.

Many brewers and craft beer drinkers have dreams of working at or owning a brewery. Chemists and Biologists are a very natural fit in the brewing industry given their training, background and interests in exploring the world around them. This book supports that natural curiosity through a series of interviews with these individuals who work in the brewing industry at all levels of employment from the lab manager to working as brewery staff to starting a brewery.

Automatic complexity is a computable and visual form of Kolmogorov complexity. Introduced by Shallit and Wang in 2001, it replaces Turing machines by finite automata, and has connections to normalized information distance, logical depth, and linear diophantine equations. Automatic Complexity is the first book on the subject and includes exercises with solutions written for the proof assistant Lean, computer programs to calculate automatic complexity, and many open problems.

This book offers the first in-depth treatment in English language of Habermas's long-awaited work on religion, Auch eine Geschichte der Philosophie, published in 2019. Charting the contingent origins and turning points of occidental thinking through to the current "postmetaphysical" stage, the two volumes provide striking insights into the intellectual streams and conflicts in which core components of modern self-understanding have been forged. The encounter of Greek metaphysics with biblical monotheism has led to a theology of history as salvation, expanding in bold arcs from Adam's Fall to Christ and the Last Judgement. The reconstruction of key turns in the relationship between faith and knowledge ends, however, with locating the uniqueness of religion in "ritual" and defining reason as inherently secular. The book exposes the sources and trajectories, analysed by Habermas with great erudition, to different assessments in biblical studies, theology, and philosophy of subjectivity. Apart from Paul and Augustine, key lines of continuity are identified in the Gospels, early patristic theology, Duns Scotus and Schleiermacher that retain the internal connection of faith to autonomous freedom.