A principle of right action functions within a virtue-oriented ethical theory in the same way that a principle of right action functions within consequentialism and deontology. The theory's principle of right action is filled out by providing an account of the virtuous agent, or substantive accounts of the virtues, in the same way a value axiology does so in a consequentialist theory, and in the same way that an account of the moral law does so in a deontological theory (Hursthouse, 1999; Sandler, 2007). In a theory of environmental ethics, the aim is to provide an account of the norms of character and the norms of action which ought to govern our human relationship with the natural environment. If the two central ethical questions are "What kind of person should I be?" and "What should I do?", a theory of environmental virtue ethics needs to provide a satisfying answer to both, informing us on the qualities of character we ought to cultivate with regard to the environment, and the sorts of behaviour we ought to engage in with regard to the environment (Sandler, 2005: p.2).
This dissertation is an elucidation of the nature of the self. It consists of two major parts. The first part is an investigation of the necessary and sufficient conditions of the self, appealing to four theses: the Conceivability Thesis, the Equilibrium Thesis, Panpsychism and the Multiple Selves Doctrine and the Locus Thesis. Proponents of these views are examined in detail, including Descartes, Avicenna, Strawson, Parfit and Dennett. The conditions of selfhood are established through an examination of the individual's perception and how they arrange their perceptions. The second part of the dissertation discusses the influences of the outside or others' perception of a self, and how this can influence an individual's own impression of the self. This is considered using as examples the psychological disorders of autism and schizophrenia. The primary aim of this dissertation is to establish criteria for the presence of the self in the individual and to examine some of the ways in which the self can be expressed. Furthermore, this dissertation begins to clarify the importance of the contribution the self makes towards a person's successful functioning within his/her selected community.
From the 27th of July until the 12th of August 2012 the games of the 30th Olympiad took place in London. The 4th of August was a particularly special day in the history of the Olympics as it was the day that the heats of the men¿s 400m took place. There is a reason the men¿s 400m heats at the 2012 London Olympics were arguably more special than any that had gone before. South African runner Oscar Pistorius became the first athlete to compete at the Olympic Games while running on prosthetic limbs. Pistorius is a double below the knee amputee (T43 under the Paralympic classification system) who runs on Jshaped carbon fibre blades. He represents a fusion of humanity and technology that will become an increasingly pressing issue for the sporting arena in coming years
Yoga is one of the six branches of classical Indian philosophy (Bower et al., 2005). References to yoga are made throughout the Vedas, which is an ancient Indian scripture among the oldest texts in existence (Witzel, 2003). This practice has been around for thousands of years and is commonly used to improve physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. Over the last several decades yoga has been under empirical scrutiny as researchers strive to identify benefits and outcomes of yoga practice under various contexts. Specific areas have involved the effects of yoga on depression, cardiac conditions, addictions, anxiety, diabetes, pain disorders, and highrisk populations (Bower et al., 2005; Ross & Thomas, 2010; Venkataramana et al., 2008). A population of special interest is adolescents as they face developmental changes physically, socially, and cognitively (Sagone et al., 2020).
As more people incorporate health and well-being into their daily lives, participating in athletic activities has become routine for individuals in contemporary society. Amongst a variety of workout activities and programs, the yoga participation rate continues to surge. Newly released market research study conducted by Yoga Alliance and published in Yoga Journal highlighted the growth of yoga participation and yoga practitioners in 2016 in the United States (Yoga Journal, 2016). The Yoga Journal is the most circulated yoga magazine in the U.S., founded in 1975. The result of the market study showed the number of yoga practitioners in the U.S. was more than 36 million, representing approximately 15% of Americans, an increase from 20.4 million in 2012 and 15.8 million in 2008 (Yoga Journal, 2016). Also, the study highlighted the fact that the yoga industry is a growing profitable market, as US$16.8 billion was spent on yoga products in one year (Yoga Journal, 2016). The future demand of yoga will consistently increase as more than 80 million Americans (34% of the population) answered that they are likely to practice yoga in the next 12 months (Yoga Journal, 2016). The yoga boom in North America started in the early 2000s, and now, yoga has become an inevitable cultural convention.
In recent decades, yoga practice has become ubiquitous in the United States and around the world, often in the context of health and wellness. The increased presence of yoga practice in health and wellness contexts raises opportunities for discussion about the nature of yoga practice itself. On the one hand yoga is a religious practice with historical and ideological links to South Asian religious traditions, and on another hand it is a secular health practice apparently devoid of any overtly religious or spiritual elements. In the common binary debates within contemporary American culture, it is difficult to see yoga practice as both. However, yoga scholars have noted that the ability to transcend boundaries and take on new shapes is one of the hallmarks of yoga practice historically. David Gordon White writes, "Every group in every age has created its own version and vision of yoga."1 Andrea Jain writes, "the most important lesson from the history of yoga and the divergent meanings attached to it is yoga's malleability...in the hands of human beings."2 Like yoga generally, modern yoga practice in the United States is difficult to define and/or characterize because so much depends on both its context, physically and conceptually, and its perception by an observer
The purpose of this phenomenological study is to explore the lived experience of yoga practitioners, and their search for the true self. A thousand years before the birth of Christ and for five subsequent centuries, it has been theorized that yoga flourished in cities known today as India and Pakistan (Chaline, 2001). People practiced yoga to become closer to God. Yoga literally means to 'yoke' or to be in union (Satchidananda, 1990). According to the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, yoga is the "science of the mind" (Satchidananda, 1990, p. xi). Richard Freeman, a student and teacher of yoga for 38 years, in an interview with Bonnie Horrigan (2004), describes yoga as "a meditative discipline and a way of gaining insight into the nature of the mind and reality." He believes that "yoga is ultimately freedom or liberation, and its benefit is much more than simply good health" (p. 65). According to Freeman, yoga is the undoing of the harm people do to their bodies as a result of modern living. He states that "we often hold the body or posture the body based on past experiences" (p. 66). Yoga can assist in reversing this postural conditioning.
As cost and dissatisfaction with health care rise in America, so does the popularity of complementary and alternative therapies for the treatment of illness and disease (McCall, 2007). According to the National Institute of Health, complementary health approaches are defined as a group of diverse medical and health care interventions, practices, products, or disciplines that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine ("NIH Introduction to CAM," 2011). They range from practitioner-based approaches, such as chiropractic manipulation and massage therapy, to predominantly self-care approaches, such as non-vitamin/non-mineral dietary supplements, meditation, and yoga. According to the 2007 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS, 2007), nearly 40% of Americans utilize complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) methods for overall wellbeing and specific conditions. This survey found that the most predominant approaches were as follows (in order of prevalence): use of nonvitamin/non-mineral natural products, deep breathing exercises, meditation, chiropractic manipulation and massage, and yoga. Present utilization of CAM overall may likely be higher now. A more recent NHIS survey on CAM was conducted in 2012 but is not yet available for public use. Reseachers have begun to interpret and publish results from the 2012 survey data, however, the results of which suggest an overall increase in CAM consumption trends.
Yoga is a part of Indian culture and religion. It is believed that yoga is originated in Bhärata and yoga symbols were found in Indus Valley civilization also (Sports Digest, 2009). Yoga is science of awareness for living with purity which involves all parts of yoga (Swami Chinmayananda, 1984). Yoga works as catalyst for general well-being (Satyananda, 2008). According to Iyengar, "Yoga is the true union of our will with the will of God". Most people know that the practice of yoga makes the body strong and flexible. Yoga is essentially an art of understanding all about the soul and to realize the SELF. Yogic practice energizes and heals the body, mind and intellect and is associated with psychological wellbeing (Nagendra, et al., 2010). Yoga is a mind and body practice that teaches becoming self-aware which witnesses the actions of college learners (Mahesh, et al., 2019). Yoga opens the door for mind to act as slave through self-awareness and easiness. It eliminates superficial sense of life and mystifies inherent and innate recognition (Tripathi, et al., 2018). Yoga removes mental knots to enhance the attention timing during graduate study. Awareness of inside stuff and outside makes realizing the distractions in college students which in turn increases the attention duration (Sugumar and Ponnuswamy, 2018).
The Term "Psychological well-being" is referred as constructs among clinicians and men psychologists and psychological well-being professionalstal wellbeing experts. It basically means how a person evaluates his or her life. According to studies of Diener (1997), these evaluations may be as bits of knowledge or as impacts. The psychological part is an information based assessment of one's life. It is the place where a singular gives aware evaluative choice around one's satisfaction with life overall however the brimming with feeling part is a ravenous appraisal coordinated by sentiments and opinions, for instance, the rate at which people experience enchanting/horrible perspectives in light of events or conditions in their everyday presences. The speculation behind this that by far most evaluate their life as either sure or negative, so they are routinely prepared to offer choices. Further, people in every circumstance experience demeanor and sentiment, which have a decent effect or a critical effect. Along these lines, people have a level of profound flourishing whether or not they as often as possible intentionally think about it.
Sexual violence against women is not a new phenomenon. Historical documents, art and literature, stand witness to the fact that women have been coerced into sexual encounters `throughout history across the globe (Brownmiller, 1975; Zeitlin, 1986). While minor forms of sexual victimization such as sexist statements and sexually mottled whistles appear to be common, more severe forms of sexual violence against women such as rape, acid attack and domestic violence are widespread evils not only in India but also in other countries. Various forms of sexual violence are so deeply rooted in our cultures that many women who experience sexual violence often hold themselves responsible for their victimization. Moreover, many times the offenders also feel that their actions are justified by messages that convey sexual violence is acceptable. The data presented by the National Crime Records Bureau of India also show that the frequency of reported cases of sexual violence has increased multi-fold (NCRB, 2018). However, there is no way to ascertain if this increase is due to the increase in actual cases of sexual violence, or it is only due to the increase in reports of such cases. This steep rise in the number of incidents involving sexual victimization of women warrants for more and more research to gain a better understanding of this victimization of women issue, its causes and impact
Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.
Women empowerment means making women able, competent, effective, skilled and manipulating so that they may develop their potential and be parallel to men in all aspects of life. Presently, the share of women in all walks of life is not sufficient. Their social freedom is not equal to men. Human beings have proud of being part of civilized society. But this is one aspect of the coin. It has another aspect also and that aspect is very dark, gloomy and disappointing as well. According to an estimate hardly 35% women are at lower levels of organizations, while in china their share is 76%. They are the subjects of discrimination, exploitation and deprivation in different spheres of life even today. Unless and until the society does justice to them, the dream of empowering women cannot take material shape. It is urgently felt that without empowering women like men, an ideal society cannot be imagine. A powerful and productive nation cannot be procured. Empowering women is the need of the hour. This movement hasreceived impetus from several events and views of the past, but its relevance was properly recognized in 1948, when a universal human rights declaration made it an issue. Its need was further emphasized openly in 1992 during Earth Summit, as a consequence, 2001 was marked as the International Women Empowerment Year.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign ...
This chapter deals with the conceptual and theoretical aspects of the study covering education in general, with special reference to higher education in India, historical and philosophical aspects of ethics its dynamics and transformation to contemporary times and how it becomes vital in contributing to higher education and its management. In this process management and its methods were also reviewed very concisely. A brief review of education and its general principles and views of various authors are attempted. A history of philosophy and ethics up to contemporary time's visd-vis ethical schools and philosophers is presented very briefly.
Philosophy is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some sources claim the term was coined by Pythagoras, although this theory is disputed by some.
Anthropology, the scientific study of man in time and space embraces both socio-cultural and biological aspects of man from the point of variation and evolution. Biological Anthropology concentrates mainly on the study of biological variation for a given set of characters such as Demographic, Anthropometric, Dermotoglyphic, Physiological, Serological, Biochemical and other Genetic variables in human populations. The unit of study in Biological Anthropology is generally, the Mendelian population or Endogamous group. Several studies are undertaken in this direction by selecting a particular population and specific set of characters to explain biological variation. On the basis of endogamy, habitate, social structure, rituals,traditional practices etc. population can be viewed as tribe, caste, religious group etc
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