Böcker utgivna av Institute of Physics Publishing

This book provides an overview of Aurivillius phase layer structured ferroelectrics, with a focus on in-depth classification of layer structured materials and their role in developing environmentally sustainable compounds. It is an essential reference for professionals and academics working in the field of electroceramics, electronic component manufacture, materials science and engineering.

We are now living in the multimessenger era in which often weak and elusive astrophysical phenomena need to be studied using different and orthogonal probes and information carriers in order to be fully understood. This book is designed to give advanced undergraduate students a description of the most popular techniques and instrumentation employed in modern astrophysics. Focusing on electromagnetic radiation and its detection spanning from radio- to X-ray wavelengths, it gives a general description of astrophysical observables, such as flux, brightness, throughput, and magnitude. It describes general concepts about geometrical and physical optics at different wavelengths, in an astronomical context, including the concepts of lenses, mirrors, antennas, telescopes, the focal plane, angular resolution, the field of view, and the diffraction limit. The origin of noise and the extraction of a signal from it is also covered, including noise reduction techniques such as filtering, amplification, as well as cryogenic techniques. The theory of signals and the theorems related to digital electronics are also introduced. A set of student laboratory activities is included to illustrate the concepts covered in the book.Key FeaturesProvides a comprehensive introduction to modern astrophysical techniques and instrumentationCovers astronomical optics, telescopes, noise, the theory of signals and digital electronicsDescribes different receiving techniques such as coherent radiometers, semiconductor and superconductor thermal bolometers, charge-coupled devices (CCDs), and X-ray calorimetersIncludes a set of student laboratory activities to illustrate the concepts covered in the book

Quantum and classical results are often presented as being dependent upon separate postulates as if the two are distinct and unrelated, and there is little attempt to show how the quantum implies the classical. The transformation to classical phase space gives researchers access to a range of algorithms derived from classical statistical mechanics that promise results on much more favourable numerical terms. Quantum Statistical Mechanics in Classical Phase Space offers not just a new computational approach to condensed matter systems, but also a unique conceptual framework for understanding the quantum world and collective molecular behaviour. A formally exact transformation, this revolutionary approach goes beyond the quantum perturbation of classical condensed matter to applications that lie deep in the quantum regime. It offers scalable computational algorithms and tractable approximations tailored to specific systems. Concrete examples serve to validate the general approach and demonstrate new insights. For example, the computer simulations and analysis of the ╬╗-transition in liquid helium provide a new molecular-level explanation of Bose-Einstein condensation and a quantitative theory for superfluid flow. The intriguing classical phase space formulation in this book offers students and researchers a range of new computational algorithms and analytic approaches. It offers not just an efficient computational approach to quantum condensed matter systems, but also an exciting perspective on how the classical world that we observe emerges from the quantum mechanics that govern the behaviour of atoms and molecules. The applications, examples, and physical insights foreshadow new discoveries in quantum condensed matter systems.Key FeaturesA computationally efficient approach to quantum condensed-matter many-particle systems based on a formally exact transformation of quantum statistical mechanics to classical phase space.Shows how the observed classical world emerges from the underlying quantum mechanics of atoms and molecules.Describes successive quantum corrections to classical statistical mechanics.Derives a number of expansions that account for the non-commutativity of quantum position and momentum operators when transformed to classical phase space.Tests various computer simulation algorithms against benchmark results for model condensed matter systems.

This book reviews and showcases the design, fabrication and implementation of printed and flexible sensors and their range of applications. Since the use of flexible sensors has been demonstrated in almost every sector researchers are working towards optimization of present technologies and the implementation of new approaches, especially in light of developments emerging in printed and flexible electronics research. Some of the common issues faced and discussed include sensor stability in dynamic environments, non-availability of point-of-care devices, multifunctional sensing prototypes, requirement of high input power, saturation of sensitivity, difficulty in replacement of sensors operating in harsh real-time environments and need of biocompatible sensors for health monitoring.Key FeaturesReview of the various classes of printed flexible sensors and their applicationsEmbraces fabrication and characterization methods.Included applications for biomedical, industrial and environmental sciences.

This reference text provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in 2D materials for energy storage and conversion. It is an invaluable reference for researchers and graduate students working with 2D materials for energy storage and conversion in the fields of nanotechnology, electrochemistry, materials chemistry, materials engineering and chemical engineering.

This book provides the reader with the history, fundamentals and theoretical aspects of electronic tongues and their applications. It covers strategies to discriminate analytes in complex liquid media with simple and robust tools, the design and the miniaturization of multisensory systems, the novel chemical materials employed and advances in computational tools employed for information visualization and interpretation.In recent years, tremendous advances have been made in the field, most of them focused on advanced computational methods for information visualization and in the miniaturization of systems to allow portability. Including recent developments and fascinating attributes of multisensory systems based on nanostructured materials, including 2D materials, graphene and other polymeric nanostructures.The topics covered in the book are of vital importance in a wide range of modern and emerging nanotechnologies employed or to be employed in a range of industries and monitoring situations, and consequently have a great impact on our society. The main objective of the book is to provide the reader with a basic understanding of the key principles of electronic tongues and the recent advances in the field and will be a key resource for sensor and materials scientists and researchers from universities, industry and national laboratories working in the field of multisensory systems. The reader will understand the approaches to discriminate and classify analytes through the novel design of electrodes, nanostructured chemical materials, and advanced computational methods for information visualization.Key FeaturesInterdisciplinary. For researchers from chemistry, food science, engineering, instrumentation, electrochemistry, pharmacology, physics, and computer science.Includes theoretical aspects of detection techniques and applicationsHighlights novel nanomaterials and nanotechnology strategies for sensing enhancementFeatures advances in computational methods for multidimensional data visualizationConcludes with a roadmap for sensorial data combining machine learning and data mining techniques

Synthesising previous research, this book presents a unitary treatment of the main effects that occur in the ultra-relativistic interactions between laser beams and electrons. Aimed at scientists, graduate students and professionals working in high-power laser facilities and labs, as well as those studying relativistic optics, the book presents a comprehensive survey of the field.

Written by an experienced engineer and trainer in the field of cryogenic safety, this book examines the hazards involved in the use of cryogenic materials and the extensive regulations that apply. It is an essential guide for researchers and industry specialists operating in this discipline.

The energy demands of contemporary society mandate the urgent development and commercialisation of a 'post-Li-ion battery'. Metal anodes are an important piece of this puzzle. This research and reference text discusses the role of metal electrodes in batteries in detail. Introducing the fundamental theoretical properties of metal anodes, the book surveys the history and prospects of the field, covering a wide range of metals, including Li, Na, K, Mg, Al, Zn, Ge, Sn, Sb and Bi. The first book of its kind to offer a comprehensive survey of the field, 'Metal Electrodes and Battery Technologies' facilitates engagement with the latest research and future challenges concerning the role of metals in the development of high-capacity batteries. The book is an essential reference for researchers working on metal electrodes for various batteries, as well as useful supplementary reading for students in the fields of electrochemistry and energy storage.Key FeaturesThe first book to provide thorough coverage of metal electrodes for various battery technologiesIncludes fundamental knowledge such as metal properties through to the latest research and future challengesCovers Li, Na, K, Mg, Al, Zn, Sn, Ge, Sb and Bi electrodes and Li, Na, K, Mg, Al and Zn batteriesProvides an essential reference text for researchers and graduate students in the fields of electrochemistry and energy storage

Providing an extensive review of the latest bionanomaterials research, this book fills a gap for a comprehensive and up-to-date reference text, exploring the prospects and limitations of using bionanomaterials in food processing, water treatment, agricultural yield, food quality, environmental monitoring, pollution and other related areas in environmental and agricultural science. Particular attention is given to sensors, adhesives and fibers, and their use in diverse disciplines such as biomedicine, environmental science and agriculture. An invaluable reference for scientists, researchers and academics working in the fields of biomaterials, bionanotechnology, environmental science and agriculture, the book also provides an excellent introduction for students.Key Features:Provides comprehensive coverage of the latest research and developments in the field of bionanomaterials for environmental and agricultural applicationsCovers a wide range of applications, including food processing, water treatment, increasing agricultural yield, improving food quality, using nanobiosensors to monitor the environment, and reducing pollutionIncludes the limitations of the materials and prospects for future researchFills a gap for a comprehensive text with up-to-date coverage of the environmental and agricultural applications of bionanomaterials

This book covers recent analytical advances in the study of Rydberg atoms and molecules. It presents classical descriptions of electron trajectories in Rydberg atoms, offering a deep physical insight into their dynamics. It surveys shifts and shapes of the corresponding spectral lines. It is ideal for graduate level students and researchers in quantum optics, quantum computing, plasma, and sensing technologies.

Photoelectrochemical water splitting has been identified as a suitable and sustainable approach to address two of the main issues facing humanity: environmental protection, and clean and sustainable energy production. Nanostructure-based photoelectrochemical water splitting is a highly promising process for converting solar energy into hydrogen energy. This reference text presents the latest research and developments in the area of photoactive nanostructured materials and their photoelectrochemical water splitting for applications in environmental protection, clean energy production and chemical amalgamation/processing. The book is a valuable reference for researchers and advanced students in the field of materials for energy and environmental applications, as well as practitioners in the nanotechnology industry. References to the latest research around the world, as well as details on the current challenges and future possibilities in the field, are included to facilitate advanced application and study.Key FeaturesDiscusses the latest research and developments in the area of photoactive nanostructured materials and their photoelectrochemical water splitting Covers applications in environmental protection, clean energy production and chemical amalgamation/processing Includes the fabrication and characteristics of various electrode materials, cell design, and strategies for enhancing the properties of photoelectrochemical water splitting electrode materials Includes references to the latest research around the world and details on current challenges and the future scope of the field to facilitate further reading and study 

Introduction to Nonlinear Optics of Photonic Crystals and Metamaterials, Second Edition presents concise examples illustrating the basic principles of the field, embedding a discussion of current and future device applications in a theoretical account of the non-linear behaviour of light at nanoscale to produce an informative and authoritative introduction to the subject for students trying to advance rapidly amongst the vanguard of modern applied physics and engineering. Pitched at an accessible level, this survey of some of the most important fundamentals of the field is ideal for researchers, undergraduate and graduate students, as well as self-taught students looking to expand their field of interest. Key Features: Provides reference to the current research literature to facilitate the reader with pursuing topics within the field. Suitable for self-study students. Includes concise presentations which focuses on the essential basic principle of the field. Discusses a review of current device applications. Presents the principles of photonic crystals and metamaterials and their applications at a basic level.

A practical approach to support researchers in their collaborations. Demonstrates the potential of collaboration, drawing on real-world experience of facilitating and advising collaborations 'in the wild'. Provides tools and approaches that will help readers develop the skills and behaviours that will foster collaboration within and between disciplines.

A number of macroscopic manifestations of superconducting phenomena have resulted in a proliferation of applications in engineering and electronics. Macroscopic Superconducting Phenomena: An Interactive Guide provides the reader with a set of ready-to-use interactive tools to engage with topics such as vanishing resistivity, magnetic flux expulsion, flux pinning, critical currents, flux quantization and more.

Gas sensors are traditionally used as part of an industrial safety system, but they are also increasingly found in a range of settings including home and vehicle security, ventilation systems and environmental monitoring. The technology also holds great promise in non-invasive medical applications and as an essential component in the future Internet of Things. Metal oxide semiconductors are the most common materials exploited for gas sensing. However, in recent years there have been significant advances in both fundamental research and industrial development of gas sensors using new and novel materials. This is being driven by efforts to achieve better selectivity, higher sensitivity and lower power consumption as gas sensors are finding more widespread applications. This book reviews the developments and applications of traditional and emerging materials for gas sensors. Each chapter considers a sensor material and discusses the mode of operation, intrinsic material properties, preparation, device construction and areas of application opened by the novel modes of action and properties of the sensing material. With coverage spanning n- and p-type metal oxides, graphene, 2D metal chalcogenides, carbon nanotubes, ionic liquids and conducting polymer composites. This up-to-date synthesis will provide invaluable reading for industrial and academic researchers and engineers developing and exploiting new materials for the increasingly diverse areas of applications for modern gas sensors.Key FeaturesSuitable to broad readership from advanced students to research scientists.Interdisciplinary readership, from material scientists to sensor developersIncludes latest materials for sensor development.Encompasses industrial and other applications.

This book is intended to facilitate the testing of dynamic imaging systems to ensure safety of the systems. The aim is to discuss methods and techniques that may be used to commission and perform quality control (QC) measurements of dynamic x-ray imaging systems; the primary function of which is real time imaging to provide visualization of dynamic anatomical and other processes as they occur.Since dynamic imaging equipment is used for a wide range of clinical applications, the report includes a general description of the characteristics and operational aspects to assist the medical physicist with clinical setup and performance evaluation strategies. The automatic close rate control (ADRC) plays a significant role in determining the balance between patient dose and image quality, therefore the function and evaluation of ADRC plays a significant role in determining the balance between patient dose and image quality, therefore the function and evaluation of ADRC devices is discussed extensively.Key FeaturesDiscuss methods and techniques that may be used to commission and perform quality control (QC) measurements of dynamic X-ray imaging systems.Includes a general description of the characteristics and operational aspects to assist the medical physicist with clinical setup and performance evaluation strategies.Function and evaluation of ADRC devices is discussed extensively.

This book provides non-specialists with a basic understanding of the underlying concepts of quantum chemistry. It is both a text for second- or third-year undergraduates and a reference for researchers who need a quick introduction or refresher. All chemists and many biochemists, materials scientists, engineers, and physicists routinely use spectroscopic measurements and electronic structure computations in their work. This book is designed to help the novice user of these tools achieve a basic understanding of the underlying concepts of quantum chemistry. The emphasis is on explaining ideas rather than enumerating facts or presenting procedural details makes this an excellent foundational text. This new edition features extensive changes to increase clarity and to accommodate new material, including additional problems. a comprehensive list of resources and an introduction to computational quantum chemistry, while preserving the book''s concise and accessible nature.Key FeaturesUpdated and extended new editionAccessible and concise introductionIncludes new additional problems with hints and solutionsFeatures an introduction to computational quantum chemistry,Includes lists of print and online resources to support teaching

Nonlinear dynamics is a well-established discipline in physics, and this book offers a comprehensive textbook on the basic soliton theory and its applications, especially for crystalline processes. Although primarily mathematical, the author discusses the theory for nonlinear phenomena in a practical environment, paying particular attention to the presence of media where nonlinearity occurs.Written for students at upper-undergraduate and graduate levels, it is suitable for advanced physics courses on nonlinear physics. The book covers the fundamental properties of nonlinear waves, dealing with both theory and experiment. The aim is to emphasize established tools and introduce new methods underpinning important new developments in this field, especially as applied to solid-state materials. The updated edition has been extended to emphasize the importance of thermodynamics in a description of modulated crystals and contains new chapters on superconductivity that can be interpreted by the soliton mechanism. It is also updated to include new end-of-chapter problems.Key FeaturesNew updated and expanded edition of a respected and well-used bookIncorporates latest developments in the fieldExtensive additions to applications on condensed matter and materialsIncludes worked examples and end of chapter exercisesExtended to include applications in superconductivity

Modern internet-enabled devices and fast communication technologies have ushered in a revolution in sharing of digital images and video. This may be for social reasons or for commercial and industrial applications, where the data is more likely to include sensitive personal or confidential information. In any event, the shared imagery is intended only for the end-user. Attackers can steal this data or manipulate it for their own uses, causing financial and emotional damage to the owners. Many applications generate important information in the form of images and video, where efficient security is critical. This drives the need for advanced security solutions and the need to continuously develop and maintain security measures in an ever-evolving battle against fraud and malicious intent.There are various techniques employed in protecting digital media and information, such as digital watermarking, cryptography, stenography, data encryption, etc., In addition, sharing platforms and connected nodes themselves may be open to vulnerabilities and can suffer from security breaches. This book reviews present state-of-the-art research related to the security of digital imagery and video, including developments in machine learning applications. It is particularly suited for those that bridge the academic world and industry, and allows readers to understand the security concerns in the multimedia domain by reviewing present and evolving security solutions, their limitations, and future research directions.Key FeaturesLatest trends in the multimedia security domainIncludes Machine Learning for multimedia securityInsight to different security concerns (attacks)Reviews present challenges & future opportunitiesPotential & promising solution to the security concerns

This book provides a concise introduction to computer vision for optical researchers and scientists. Building from the optical foundations of image processing and the science behind camera sensors, Optics and Artificial Vision equips the reader with the tools needed to understand and engage with digital image processing, the algorithms of optical flow and the algorithms of object detection, using Python┬« software to show real, implemented applications in industry. Ideal for industry engineers with projects related to computer vision, as well as a good reference text for academics, students and other researchers working at the intersection of artificial intelligence and optics.Key FeaturesProvides a concise introduction to artificial visionMain algorithms in computer vision are presented, step-by-step in a pedagogical wayPresents all algorithms in PythonShows real implemented applications in industryOptical foundations of image processing are presented

Composites Engineering: An A-Z Guide provides a quick and accessible reference to composites terminologies. Arranged like a dictionary, each entry provides a brief but thorough description of over 90 typical and atypical composites terminologies. Comprehensive without being overly detailed, the book fills a gap for an accessible reference text of composites engineering terms and concepts. It is ideal for composites scientists and engineers at universities and in industry, as well as for undergraduates new to the field.Key Features An easy-to-use reference text on composites engineering for researchers and students, particularly those that are new to the field Provides an accessible reference for typical and atypical composites terminologies Arranged in A-Z format with 1-2 pages per term Entries are comprehensive but not overly complex or detailed Figures are included to illustrate the concepts being discussed

The relentless pace of innovation in biomedical imaging has provided modern researchers with an unprecedented number of techniques and tools to choose from. While the development of new imaging techniques is vital for ongoing progress in the life sciences, it is challenging for researchers to keep pace. Imaging Modalities for Biological and Preclinical Research is designed to provide a comprehensive overview of currently available biological and preclinical imaging methods, including their benefits and limitations. Experts in the field guide the reader through both the physical principles and biomedical applications of each imaging modality, including description of typical setups and sample preparation.Volume 1 focuses on ex-vivo imaging. It covers all available advanced and basic light and fluorescence microscopy modalities, X-ray, electron, atomic force and helium ion microscopy, dynamic techniques such as fluorescence recovery after photobleaching as well as spectroscopic techniques such as coherent Raman imaging or mass spectrometry imaging.Key featuresProvides an overview of fast-evolving ex-vivo imaging technologies.Bridges biological and preclinical imaging.Written by imaging specialists with extensive expertise in their respective fields.

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography is a next generation platform with the potential to extend Moore''s Law. The EUV mirror is a fundamental component of this system. Efficient Extreme Ultraviolet Mirror Design describes an approach to designing EUV mirrors with reduced computational time and memory requirements, providing a comprehensive grounding in the fundamentals of the EUV mirror and knowledge of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The discussion is made timely by the opening of commercial avenues for the application of EUV as it begins to be implemented in the development of 5G, AI, edge computing, VR and the Internet of Things. This book explores the theory, function and fabrication of EUV mirrors, as well as the correlation between design by Fresnel''s equations and design by photonic bands, and develops a rigorous and efficient FDTD method by applying these considerations to three simulation cases. Intended primarily for EUV industry professionals, Efficient Extreme Ultraviolet Mirror Design will be of particular use to researchers investigating large scale problems or near-field scattering problems in EUV lithography. It will serve as an excellent reference text for anyone working in or studying optical engineering, as well as a high-level introduction for researchers from other fields interested in photolithography and the FDTD method. Key Features  Addresses knowledge of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mirrors and EUV lithography. Establishes a relation between photonic bands and Fresnel''s equation. Introduces the high reflectivity EUV mirror design rules. Applies numerical simulation for EUV mirror design. Details efficient finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) approach. 

Here, the author provides a review and oversight of many views on the interpretation of quantum physics and the wide philosophical debate that still embroils this subject over 100 years since its initial development.

In recent years, the field of digital photoelasticity has begun to stabilise. Developments in Photoelasticity presents, in one volume, the time-tested advancements that have brought about a fundamental change in employing photoelastic analysis to solve diverse applications. Based on decades of active research, this authoritative treatment surveys wide-ranging connections in the field, focusing on developments made since 2010. Wide-ranging in its application, this high-level reference text is an invaluable tool for stress analysts, teachers of photo-mechanics and industry practitioners involved in stress analysis, solid mechanics, fracture mechanics, glass stress analysis, and contact mechanics. It also serves as a link between active research and teaching at graduate and senior undergraduate level.Key Features:Establishes the basics of photoelasticity with clarity to serve as a primary reference for users of the methodologyExplains phase-shifting methods that are robust enough to allow the reader to implement them with ease.Explores modern methods based on colour information processing using a single isochromatic image as well as use of conventional polariscopes for complete photoelastic analysis.Provides carrier fringe analysis tools for quantifying low stress field information for special applications.Extensive information on a variety of applications of photoelasticity covering domains ranging from biomedical to aerospace to civil engineering applications.Highlights large scale photoelastic studies in granular materials with applications in plant biology, neurobiology and biomimetics

Astronomy has traditionally relied on capturing photons from cosmic sources to be able to understand the universe. During the 20th and 21st centuries, different messengers have been added to the astronomer's toolset: cosmic rays, neutrinos, and most recently gravitational waves. Each of these messengers opens a new window on the universe, and a modern astronomer must be familiar with them. The goal of this book is to provide a broad understanding of these messengers and their relationship to each other. The unique physics of each messenger is introduced, as well as the physics of their detection and interpretation. An additional focus is the discussion of techniques and topics that are common to more than one messenger. Principles of Multimessenger Astronomy is designed to be both an introduction and reference to modern astronomy.Key FeaturesProvides a general reference for all astronomers interested in multimessenger observational astronomy and astrophysics, as well as a teaching resourceExplores foundation topics that are useful across messenger and waveband boundariesIncludes scientific history, and the operation and use of modern astronomical instrumentationIntroduces the use of data from multiple messengers

The electrical double layer describes charge and potential distributions that form at the interface between electrolyte solutions and the surface of an object. They occur in a wide range of physical and chemical systems, where they play a fundamental role in their chemical and electrochemical behaviour. Colloid science, electrochemistry, material science, and biology are a few examples where such interfaces play a crucial role. Though first described over a hundred years ago, the study of the electrical double layer remains an important topic today. Parallel to this investigation is the rapid development of the liquid state theory, which relates molecular interactions to macroscopic thermodynamic properties. The focus of this book is on the application of modern liquid state theories to the properties of electric double layers, where it demonstrates the ability of statistical mechanical approaches, such as the classical density functional theory, to provide insights and details that will enable a better and more quantitative understanding of electric double layers. It provides a systematic description of electrical double layer models and their applications, extending the coverage of continuum models found in other introductory texts, with molecular models and the effects of solvents. The book will be essential reading for advanced students and researchers in interfacial science and its applications; be they chemists, physicists, materials scientists or engineers.Key FeaturesIncludes both continuum and molecular modelsRelies on modern statistical mechanical approachesSuitable for chemists, physicists, material scientists and engineersOffers a new outlook for fundamental and applied researchers on the basic physics and chemistry of charged interfaces involving electrolytesHelps to advance further research fields as colloid science, electrochemistry, material science, and physical chemistry of electrolytes.

This book is a compendium of key scientific questions, challenges, and opportunities across different areas of exoplanetary science. The field is currently experiencing rapid growth, and the book provides a front-row view of the advancements at the cutting-edge of the field. Each chapter contains a short exposition on the most important open questions, challenges, and opportunities in a specific area from the perspective of one or more top experts in the area. It provides a starting point for researchers, experts and non-experts alike, to obtain a quick overview of the forefront of exoplanetary science and a vision for the future of the field. Topics range from observational developments and techniques, including exoplanet detection and characterisation methods and state-of-the-art and future missions, to exoplanet theory and modelling including planet formation, planetary interiors, atmospheres, habitability and the search for life.Key FeaturesProvides a close-up view of the frontiers of exoplanetary science researchSummarises key questions, challenges, and opportunities across different areas of the fieldWritten by leading experts in the fieldProvides a valuable reference for early career researchersTopics span from state-of-the-art and emerging areas to long-term future directions