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They refer to them merely as analytic bases. Their primary concern is to provide an empirical profile of the structure and functioning of family, kinship and marriage in the communities about whom they write.

A reformist judiciary gradually withdrew recognition of these customs by applying passages outlawing prostitution in the 1861 Penal Code to the devadasis.

Alternative trends do exist in saguni tradition, however, and are represented here by chapters on the low-caste saint Chokhame_la and the tantric sect founded by Kina Ram.

Until the 1930s, competition for labour scaled up in the region and agricultural labourers were increasingly tied by advance payments to work for a farmer. On account of this, economic expansion gained support and social control was upheld.

At the same time, by stressing continuities with the past, this study questions the recent scholarship that perceives a fundamentally new form of Nayaka kingship.

The book should be of immense value to all scholars in military studies and warfare histories about how conquests were conducted in the past.

It touches upon not only Akbar as an Emperor but also throws light upon the social customs and traditions as well as the military, statecraft and diplomatic measures undertaken by the great Emperor.

The present position of this group is mainly due to the leadership of Kasturbhai Lalbhai (1894-1980) himself, who presided over its growth and expansion for well over six decades.

His campaigns include the conquest of Samarkand, Kabul and the first battle of Panipat in ad 1526 are recorded. Unlike most official chronicles, which record the achievements of any particular ruler with pompousness and filled with heroism.

The emphasis in the papers is on the complementarity and root-relationship of the Indian and Western cultural fields.

He recorded in this book what he saw and experienced. The book is a mine of information of Burma and its inhabitants - their religion, their customs, their family life, the crops they grew, the king and his court, and politics, etc.

The book begins very briefly with Asoka and then Kharavela of Kalinga; the Sakas, Pallavas, dynasties of Central, eastern and western Deccan; and dynasties of the Kanarese districts.

The book inves-tigates the colonial notion of 'dry city', and how this notion crafted the process of separating land and water bodies, which arguably resulted in the reclamation and draining of water bodies, and also gave rise to water pollution.

British and French colonial records the monograph presents the reading of history through the lens of climate and provides a more complete picture of Tamil landscape and environment in South India from the ninth to the nineteenth century.

Chapter three investigates 'piracy' in the South-Western Indian Ocean from around 1680 to 1750, while Chapter four addresses the issue of epidemic diseases that have violently influenced the history of Mauritius from the start of its settlement.

In the early stage of expansion of colonialism in Asia, Africa, Australia and South America, the European colonizers faced numerous problems in dealing with the untouched nature.

The author also examines the strategies used by the early writers to indianise the western language and the form of the novel.

'The Portuguese', 'Indian Ocean' and 'European expansion' form the three major thematic areas on which he concentrated his academic researches for more than three decades and hence, the felicitation volume has taken this wider thematic frame.

The present work thus gives a representative selection of the most popular Pads and Sakhis around ad 1600 in north-west India. There are several useful ways to consult this work.

By placing emphasis on the religious praxis and behaviour of the non-elite segment of population, this book offers some significant 'from below' perspectives on the social histories of Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism and Ajivika-dharma in eastern and northern India.

He was one of the outstanding leaders of the so-called extremist phase of the Indian independence movement, which was the precursor of the Mahatma Gandhi wave.

This finally leads us to look at the Mauryan Empire from a regional perspective.

This is because despite the importance of this subject, no effort has been made to publish a comprehensive and collected account of Sasanid coinage, and the information that is available is largely scattered.

Apart from his investigation into Notovich's claims, Shah makes observations on the Tibetan culture of the time, including their peculiar customs, habits, religion, funerary customs and marriage ceremonies.

Interesting facets of his life in India are revealed through these letters, which also bring out his remarkable power of writing. There is an interesting correspondence about his meeting with Dwarkanath Tagore, Rabindranath Tagore's father, and other well-known luminaries of Cal-cutta.

The book should be valuable to libraries and to all those interested in exploring the dynamics of communalism in twentieth century British India. It will no doubt advance our understanding of the issues and themes discussed and analysed by the contributors.

Interestingly, however, despite all the reformations consciously heralded the idea of primordiality in the sense of unchanging is a sincere atavism among the adherents of Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak.

lt was in the making for a long as reflected in the novel ideas put forth by the dissident sects like Mahasa?ghaikas and their sub-sects.

The present work sets out, with the aid of a number of contemporary texts, to elucidate conceptual approaches to the problem of political authority in the two countries during this phase.