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Literacy and Growth is a unique genealogical study of English teaching in the UK and abroad since the 18th century. Focusing specifically on the concepts of literacy and growth, this book explores key moments in the development of ideas about English teaching. Hodgson and Harris reveal the Enlightenment forebears of such contemporary concepts as "cultural capital" and "critical literacy"; the significance of "growth" to the writers and social critics who opposed Victorian Utilitarianism; and the 20th century influences that established English as a humane study, including the Newbolt Report, the Cambridge Scrutiny group, and the London School of Percival Gurrey and James Britton. The authors examine unpublished Dartmouth Conference papers to reconsider John Dixon's construction of "growth" in his seminal report Growth through English (1967). They reflect on the turbulent aftermath of Dartmouth, the changes in the "growth" model following the cultural turn in English studies, and the politics behind the shift from "English" to "literacy" in the 1990s. Importantly, they redefine the growth model for the 21st century to support teachers and students in the current context of performativity, high stakes assessment, the "knowledge curriculum" and artificial intelligence. Essential reading for tutors and students of English and literacy as well as policymakers in the subject area, this book will engage all those interested in the history and philosophy of English in education. It will be a key resource for those involved in the education and training of English teachers, as well as those undertaking research in English education.

The Routledge Handbook of Childhood Studies and Global Development explores how global development agendas and processes of economic development influence children's lives. It demonstrates that children are not only the frequent targets or objects of development but that they also shape and influence processes of economic, political and sociocultural development.The handbook makes the case for the importance of placing children at the heart of development debates and demonstrates how researchers, policymakers and practitioners can engage children in development. Through reports on field research as well as a critical engagement with theories in development studies and childhood studies, contributors contest normative assumptions about childhood and global development. They tease out and tease apart the complex social, historical, cultural, economic, epidemiological, ecological, geopolitical, and institutional processes transforming what it means to be young in the world today.Showcasing research from both established scholars and early career researchers, and with particular prominence given to the work of authors from the global south, this book will be an essential reference for policymakers, practitioners, and for researchers and students across childhood studies, education, geography, sociology, and global development.

'Situational Analysis' represents Karl Popper's methodological proposal for the social sciences. Although it has been widely studied and interpreted, this book argues that Situational Analysis remains underestimated and undeveloped and, if properly reformulated, it could yet become a broad methodological framework that encompasses both the 'historical' social sciences and a large section of the 'theoretical' social sciences.The first part of the book develops this idea by returning to Popper's texts. The book calls for both a reformulation of Situational Analysis and a clarification of the status and role of Popper's 'Rationality Principle'. The book also develops Situational Analysis by addressing two aspects of the Problem-Situation facing individual actors that are only sketched out in Popper's work: institutions and expectations. The second part of the book utilises the reformulated version of Situational Analysis to shed light on the core methodological differences across some of the most widespread approaches in contemporary economics and sociology. In particular, by showing that many of these approaches are variants of the reformulated version of Situational Analysis presented in the first part of the book, the book argues that apparent methodological differences across these approaches may be reinterpreted as differences in the way social scientists reconstruct the Problem-Situation facing individual actors.This book will be vital reading for academic economists, sociologists, philosophers of science and other social scientists interested in methodology.

Edward MacDowell's European Piano Music is a critical study of the piano music that MacDowell composed during his European sojourn (1876-1888), steeped in reception history and with a special emphasis of programmaticism.The book expands current knowledge of MacDowell's childhood in four chapters based on his previously uninvestigated sheet music collection, thereby achieving a better balance among the stages of MacDowell's life than is evident in most books of the life-and-works variety. Prolific contemporaneous music criticism, meticulously preserved in MacDowell's scrapbooks, is likewise undervalued in the MacDowell literature, but it furnishes penetrating observations about the expressive and programmatic content of numerous compositions, especially as it was revealed to critics when MacDowell performed his own works. Lastly, the book offers explanations for why MacDowell immersed himself in European culture for decades and then, at a crucial juncture in his career, embraced diverse American heritages and worked toward a conception of a pluralistic music that was American "in a creative sense." The book's content and methodology would appeal most directly to specialists within the broad fields of musicology and music theory, particularly within American art music and its composers; nineteenth century music; program music; reception history; and piano literature.

This new and revised edition of Christian-Jewish Relations 1000-1300 expands its survey of medieval Christian-Jewish relations in England, Spain, France and Germany with new material on canon law, biblical exegesis, and Christian-Jewish polemics, along with an updated Further Reading section.Anna Sapir Abulafia's balanced yet humane account analyses the theological, socio-economic and political services Jews were required to render to medieval Christendom. The nature of Jewish service varied greatly as Christian rulers struggled to reconcile the desire to profit from the presence of Jewish men and women in their lands with conflicting theological notions about Judaism. Jews meanwhile had to deal with the many competing authorities and interests in the localities in which they lived; their continued presence hinged on a fine balance between theology and pragmatism. The book examines the impact of the Crusades on Christian-Jewish relations and analyses how anti-Jewish libels were used to define relations. Making adept use of both Latin and Hebrew sources, Abulafia draws on liturgical and exegetical material, and narrative, polemical and legal sources, to give a vivid and accurate sense of how Christians interacted with Jews and Jews with Christians.

A Concise History of the Middle East provides a comprehensive introduction to the history of this region. Spanning from the pre-Islamic era to the present, it explores the evolution of Middle Eastern institutions and culture, the influence of European colonialism and Western imperialism, regional modernization efforts, the struggle of various peoples for political independence, the Arab-Israel conflict, the reassertion of Islamist values and power, the issues surrounding the Palestinian Question, and the Middle East following 9/11, the 2011 Arab uprisings, and the regional crisis that erupted after October 7, 2023.The thirteenth edition has been fully revised to reflect the most recent events in, and concerns of, the region, including its future in the face of climate change and challenges in Iraq, and developments in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In addition, the important role of Middle Eastern women in the history of the region is woven into the narrative. New parts and part timelines will help students grasp and contextualize the long and complicated history of the region.With updated biographical sketches and new concluding chapters, this book remains the quintessential text for students of Middle East history.

This book examines intercultural business communication issues and practices from a global and interdisciplinary perspective with an Asian focus, which is essential to any contemporary study on business communication. It broadens reader's understanding of language, culture, and international business and equips them with intercultural business communication tools.The authors incorporate frameworks from business, management, and communication disciplines. Divided into three parts: the first focuses on developing theoretical frameworks for language, culture, and international business streams, and the second addresses link-pin communication theories and practices. Link pin is the bilingual communicators standing between primary communicators and relaying messages back and forth in an interactive communication process. The book concludes with revisiting and integrating universal theories to move toward global situational theories meeting this ever-changing intercultural environment. Approaching business communication from the individual, organizational, and industry levels, the book's integrated conceptual framework allows readers to progress to more advanced business communication concepts in a staged way. Readers will gain an appreciation of the underlying theories of business communication and practical guidelines to apply the frameworks to meet their own commercial needs.An essential guide for practitioners and researchers in today's global business environment. It also benefits students with majors in intercultural business communication and international business.

Routledge English Language Introductions cover core areas of language study and are one-stop resources for students. Assuming no prior knowledge, books in the series offer an accessible overview of the subject, with activities, study questions, sample analyses, and commentaries.Global Englishes, Fourth Edition has been fully revised and updated and provides an introduction to the subject that is both accessible and comprehensive.Key features of this best-selling textbook include: - coverage of the major historical, linguistic, and sociopolitical developments in the English language from the start of the seventeenth century to the present day;- exploration of the current debates in global Englishes, relating to its uses as a post-colonial language in Asia and Africa, a mother tongue in the US, UK and Antipodes, and lingua franca across the globe, with a strong emphasis on China;- new material on Latin America, English as a lingua franca, and English medium instruction- a range of texts, data and examples drawn from emails, tweets and newspapers;- readings from key scholars including Alastair Pennycook, Henry Widdowson and Lesley Milroy;- updated online support material providing additional materials that are closely linked to each unit of the book.Global Englishes, Fourth Edition provides a dynamic and engaging introduction to this fascinating topic and is essential reading for all students studying global Englishes more broadly, English as a lingua franca specifically, and the factors involved in the spread of English in the world today.

Now in its fourth edition, this highly successful global history of the twentieth century is written by four prominent international historians for first-year undergraduate level and upward.Using their thematic and regional expertise, the authors have produced an authoritative yet accessible and seamless account of the history of international relations in the last century, covering events in Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and the Americas. They focus on the history of relations between states and on the broad ideological, economic, and cultural forces that have influenced the evolution of international politics over the last 120 years. The fourth edition is thoroughly updated to take account of the most recent research and global developments, including: new material on the impact of the Trump administration on international politics, the rise of China under the leadership of Xi Jinping, and the origins of the wars in Ukraine and Gaza.The book is supported by a fully revised companion website including links to further resources and self-testing material, which can be found at www.routledgelearning.com/internationalhistory20c.

The Routledge Companion to Autoethnography and Self-Reflexivity in Music Studies represents a substantial contribution to the field of writing self-reflexively about an individual's practice within music studies. In six sections, 34 original chapters by a diverse set of contributors consider writing about personal activities from the points of view of performance, composition, musicology, and pedagogy, drawing on a range of traditions from Western art-music to popular music to ethnomusicology. A robust critical framework is presented, with coverage of: - Historical and critical perspectives - different methodologies and their ascendancy within the academy - leading debates, issues and approaches - future directions. The Companion cultivates new modes of engagement in music research, enabling scholars and practitioners at all levels to identify and articulate their relationship to the wider sociocultural contexts in which they operate.

Growing Green Infrastructure in Contemporary Asian Cities examines to what extent green infrastructure (GI) is being implemented in East and South-East Asian cities and reflects upon the integration of contemporary approaches to landscape planning alongside traditional forms of green space design and cultural understandings of the landscape in China, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, and South Korea. Working from a multi-locational perspective, the book illustrates how political, socio-cultural, economic, and ecological factors influence the delivery of GI and the consequences of these decisions. The book provides a set of best practice recommendations for the design, development, and management of greener urban areas. This book both explains how GI is being utilised in East and South-East Asia to address climate change, promote economic prosperity, and support the development of more liveable places, and identifies future trends in its use. It is a key resource for any practitioners, students, and academics working in landscape planning and green infrastructure in an Asian context.

The Performance of Viking Identity in Museums explores the representations and uses of Vikings in museums across Iceland, England and Norway.Drawing on theories from history, philosophy, museology, and sociology, the book analyses how the Viking myth is used by visitors to make sense of present-day society, culture, and politics and the role of museums in this meaning-making process. Demonstrating that the Viking myth is present in collective memory and plays an important role in the construction and modification of collective, national, and personal identities, the book analyses this process through the framework of museums and their visitors. Identifying museums as places where heritage, identity and social norms are affirmed and reflected upon, Whitehead demonstrates that all countries use their Viking heritage to define their identity on a local and international level - through tourist attractions such as museums and other Viking-related monuments and merchandise.Providing readers with an insight into Vikings and their social relevance today, The Performance of Viking Identity in Museums will be of great interest to academics and researchers across the social and human sciences. It should also be essential reading for museum professionals working in museums around the world.

This book explores the question "Why is the US Navy in the South China Sea at all?" It traces the history of diplomatic, economic, and military tensions among the People's Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United States, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, outlining the origins of the United States-Vietnam relationship during the immediate post-World War II period, the turmoil of the Vietnam War during which China supported North Vietnam against a US-backed South Vietnam and the decision of the US government to open relations with China beginning in 1972. It shows how from 1945-1975 the US government used its relations with Vietnam to exert diplomatic, economic, and military pressure on China to open negotiations leading to full recognition and further discusses the surprising action of the US Navy in 1974 to allow the Chinese Navy to take the Paracel Islands by force, thereby denying control over these islands to a united Vietnam closely allied with the Soviet Union, which was the common enemy of both China and the USA. Overall, the book demonstrates how the presence of the US Navy in the South China Sea is a crucial element in much wider, global US strategy.

Originally published in 1971, this book uses the famous Tinbergen/Theil approach to the theory of economic policy, demonstrating the place of fiscal policy in a realistic policy context. The volume marries analytical developments in macroeconomics to the influence on the economy of the system of public finance. Attention is given to the problem co-ordinating fiscal policy with other policy instruments, notably monetary policy. A final chapter discusses the problems encountered in applying fiscal policy models to real situations.

Originally published in 1961, this book became widely used as a textbook, as an important source of primary data on British government expenditure statistics and as the point of departure for further empirical and analytical studies of the behaviour of governments. The book was recognised as one of the formative influences in the development of a positive theory of government expenditure which sought to explain the size and structure of the system of public finance rather than justify it.

Originally published in 1959, this book critically examines, in the light of numerous research, both the relation between unacceptable behaviour and economic and social status and the validity of several popular hypotheses of the 20th Century: that anti-social attitudes are due to lack of maternal affection in infancy, or that problem families produce problem families generation after generation. The author discusses the factors affecting the growth of modern psychiatry and how this shaped attitudes towards anti-social behaviour and conceptions of social work. The final section of the book considers the wider methodological implications.

Should leadership minimize suffering? This book argues yes: offering leaders, especially those in disaster management, a way to improve their ability to lead, serve, and protect others during disasters and crises.Drawing upon his own experiences as a disaster management specialist as well as high-level interviews with disaster management leaders from the USA, Australia and New Zealand, Crosweller bridges theory and practice to achieve three objectives. First, to establish the political and socio-cultural context in which disaster management leaders find themselves when seeking to protect citizens and minimise their suffering and vulnerability. Second, to provide an empirical account of how certain sociocultural influences affect their efficacy as leaders and that of their organisations, when seeking to improve well-being, provide protection, and reduce suffering and vulnerability. Third, to propose a relational leadership framework centred upon an ethic of compassion, and supported by behaviours, characteristics, and practices that can guide leaders when addressing the causes of suffering and vulnerability across the entire disaster management cycle. This framework progressively emerges as the reader navigates their way through each chapter.An essential text for aspiring and experienced leaders, especially those in the fields of EMS, fire services, law enforcement, and emergency management. It will also appeal to students and researchers in related disciplines.

This book examines the actorness of the European Parliament (EP) and its roles in global health. In doing so, it appreciates to what extent this democratically elected entity can be considered as a global health actor.Applying an original analytical framework to measure actorness, the book assesses the EP's capacity to act regarding five major global health issues including the pandemic response, access to essential medicines in developing countries, international trade and global health, medical research and development in the field of poverty-related and neglected diseases (PRNDs), and global health governance. It demonstrates that, despite many challenges, the EP has indeed displayed a polymorphic actorness and multiple roles towards most of these global health issues, especially by succeeding in mobilizing its main competences and instruments to deal with them, finalizing initiatives, and having a substantive influence on the way they were addressed. As such, the book reveals the salience of democratically elected institutions for global health governance.This book will be of key interest to students and scholars of European studies, global and regional health, legislative studies, and International Relations, but also to parliamentarians and (non-) governmental actors engaged in global health.

Whether Britain is "apart from or a part of Europe" (D. Abulafia) has gained significance in recent years. This book reassesses an underexplored field of early modern transnational history: the variety of ways in which connections between Britain and German-speaking Europe shaped developments.After a comprehensive introduction, the book is divided into three parts: cross-border transfers and appropriations of knowledge; coping with alterity in intergovernmental contacts; and ideologising the cultural nation. The topics range from the exchange of religious and political ideas over court life, diplomacy, and espionage to literary and philosophical debates. Particular attention is paid to the media processes involved and to the practical value of knowledge about the "other" in different historical contexts. The picture emerging from the case studies reveals an intriguing dynamic: Mutual interest and ambiguous entanglements deepened precisely at a time when the British and German worlds diverged evermore from each other in terms of social and political structures. This fascinating volume sheds new light on Anglo-German relations and will be essential reading for students of early modern European history.

One of three volumes responding to the 7 October attack, Universities, focuses on the heartland of contemporary antisemitic thinking, which is scholarship; and its reflection in student discourse on campus.Contributions go back to Sartre and to debates of Marx's time; another looks at the New Left forged in the civil rights movement, and shows how antisemitic responses to the 2023 violence were anticipated by some of the responses to the 1967 Arab League aggression. The feminist movement and 'progressives' more generally come under scrutiny, and there is analysis of antisemitism on campus after 7 October, showing how it is tolerated and protected there; including in archeological attempts to deny that there is an ancient Jewish history in Israel.This work will appeal to scholars, students and activists with an interest in antisemitism, Jewish studies and the politics of Israel.

One of three volumes responding to the 7 October attack, Law and Society, begins with a legal, and a genocide studies critique of the claim that Israel is genocidal; another reflects on the absence of an understanding of antisemitism in international legal discourse.There are reflections on experiences in the Palestine solidarity movement and on the twists that discourse there takes. Contributions draw on Judaism, feminism and sociology to face what happened and to trace how Israelis were transported back to a quintessentially pre-Israel Jewish experience. Others survey reports of antisemitism around the globe in the wake of 7 October, including pieces about Britain and Germany.This work will appeal to scholars, students and activists with an interest in antisemitism, Jewish studies and the politics of Israel.

One of three volumes responding to the 7 October attack, Antisemitic Discourse, focuses on the ideology that motivated it and the antisemitism that shaped many responses to it.It examines the provenance of the Jew-hatred, from English history to Palestinian Islamism; from toxic 19th century 'Jewish Question' rhetoric to the perversion of the Trotskyist tradition that allowed parts of the left to embrace antisemitism. It includes Howard Jacobson's lecture of 22 October on antisemitism and it focuses on what was significant about this attack. There is discussion from Britain, Germany, Poland and Norway; and a linguistic account of responses.This work will appeal to scholars, students and activists with an interest in antisemitism, Jewish studies and the politics of Israel.

Equity Audits and School Resource Allocation explores how to apply Critical Resource Theory (CReT) to conduct school equity audits, ultimately preparing educational leaders to find equity disparities, engage in more equitable resource allocation in their schools, and to improve equal educational opportunity for every student. With case study scenarios woven throughout the book, the authors explore key equity factors, including per-pupil expenditures, poverty, teacher and principal quality, program equity, and achievement equity. They also walk through the process of implementing the 5-step CReT equity audit within a school district or school at any level. Owings and Kaplan also describe the communication and interpersonal factors that equity advocates will need to leverage to gain community support for equity process, considering the data, and rethinking their policies and practices. In today's education context, the problems of equitably funding public schools and allocating learning resources to generate more equal opportunities and higher outcomes for traditionally underserved children are particularly relevant. This important book is designed for course use in leadership preparation programs, for practicing principals and superintendents, and for educational leadership scholars.

The Gig Economy in India explores the topic of gig work in India's digital political economy, and the relationship between key factors such as start-ups, state government, and platform providers.The book begins by placing the gig economy in context, defining the platform ecosystem and the Indian government's perception of its problems and opportunities. Thomas then examines critical dimensions of the gig economy in India, from its data infrastructure capabilities, the enabling role of venture capital and FinTech, to government regulation. Attention is paid to the precarity of gig labour, the vagaries of algorithmic management, and the minimal legal support available for workers. The book also includes chapters on labour resistance and highlights some of the issues related to the ethics of artificial intelligence.Given the limited research on India as a case study, this volume fills a crucial gap in the literature. It will interest scholars in diverse fields such as business management, digital media, and communication studies.

Sites, Traces, and Materiality proposes a new materialist model for archaeology that brings together the concept of site ontology from geography, a novel analysis of archaeological materiality as traces, and engagement with the concept of animacy hierarchy, in order to explore how geological materials can be reconceived as active.Using a sustained analysis of ancient Honduras, the book provides a contribution to global medieval studies showing how the concept of alchemy can help foreground the kinds of experiential knowledge indigenous people used to advance their technological engagements with mineral matter. Addressing a concern often raised with new materialist work in archaeology, the book relies on indigenous philosophy of the contemporary and historic Lenca people-- the descendants of the people who created the archaeological locales the book examines-- for guidance on how to think about minerals as lively. Taking seriously contemporary Lenca concerns with threats to water and land from global industries, the book links the archaeological case study to the present day politics of mineral extraction.Intended for readers interested in history, archaeology, and cultural studies, the book is accessibly written and appropriate for students as well as academics.

Defending Legal Freedoms in Indonesia provides fresh insights into how cause lawyers navigate political and institutional change, by presenting and analysing the Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation (YLBHI), the oldest and most influential legal and human rights organisation in Indonesia.Based on rich ethnographic research, this book charts the developments of the organisation since its founding in 1970, its contribution to the ending of the authoritarian, military-backed New Order (1966-1998), its relative decline in the years following Indonesia's democratisation and its revival in recent years as Indonesian democracy and human rights come under threat. The author examines the tactics the organisation has used, including show trials and working alongside grassroots communities, organising them and educating them about their rights. It highlights how this organisation flourished more under an authoritarian regime than under democracy and how its present, prominent, adversarial-political version of cause lawyering is playing a leading role in civil society resisting further erosion of democracy and human rights. The book addresses recent democratic erosion under President Joko Widodo, and documents pivotal moments in Indonesia's contemporary history, such as the 'Reform Corrupted' mass demonstrations in 2019, illuminating how democracy shrinks, and how lawyers push back.The first book on Indonesia's crucially important cause lawyering, activist lawyers' group, this book will be of interest to researchers in Asian Law, Indonesian Studies. It is also an essential point of reference for future research in public lawyering in Asia.

Develop powerful leadership skills with this concise guide to managing multigenerational and culturally diverse teams. Assess your leadership competencies using eight proven questionnaires that target critical areas for improvement. Build leadership credibility, communicate persuasively, and foster collaboration to drive higher team performance using the practical recommendations provided for each leadership trait.Today, managers face the daunting challenge of leading multigenerational teams from globally diverse cultures. This handbook provides specific steps to develop leadership competencies that create self-driven, high-performing teams by breaking down generational and cultural barriers. Measure your leadership competence with eight self-assessments and learn to: Build Leadership Credibility: Discover your leadership style and the key qualities of great leaders. Learn how to make better decisions, improve outcomes, and navigate conflict when facing adversity.Communicate Persuasively and Impactfully: Identify your communication style and the message you reveal through words and body language. Learn to communicate clearly in complex cultural contexts and influence outcomes with data visualization and persuasion techniques.Create High-Performing Teams. Bridge generational and cultural differences by sharing knowledge and skills to reverse biases, build trust, increase cultural sensitivity, and learn about global markets.Lead Global Teams. Discover how managers leverage resources and nurture innovation for global expansion. Learn which industries exhibit accelerated internationalization and why.After completing the self-assessments, you'll create an Individual Development Plan by selecting specific recommendations to shore up skills and track your progress using the included Leadership Guiding Values Scorecard. Leaders and managers at all levels of seniority and across industries, as well as MBA students, will be inspired to build their leadership career path with insight and confidence using the concise review of global leadership topics and thoughtful recommendations presented in this handbook.

This book investigates what faith means in the actual day-to-day practice of faith-based NGOs working in the development, humanitarian, and advocacy sectors.Faith-based organisations play an extremely prominent role in international aid and development, operating within the same sphere as organisations without an explicit religious affiliation. This book uses the case study of a UK-based Christian faith-based organisation to develop an analytic tool using institutional logics. The book describes how the 'telos', or objective, of the organisation is impacted by the telos of the logic of religion. Ultimately, the book demonstrates that whilst at the individual level faith is dominant and active, at the organisational level, faith is restricted to certain spaces and forms.Bringing a fresh perspective to discussions of religion and development by highlighting how faith influences development at the organisational level, this book will be an important read for researchers working on global development.

Literature and Ecotheology: From Chaos to Cosmos challenges us in a time of climate crisis to find more common ground between the dual projects of ecocriticism and ecotheology.This book argues that in our postsecular age, literature has become an important repository of theological wisdom that can, like formal work in ecotheology, provide the moral grounds for environmental care. However, for any cosmological understanding to be adequate to the challenges before us, it must be responsive to the often-painful contingencies and uncertainties that inhere in the cosmos, something that both ecocriticism and ecotheology have often neglected. After a treatment of the ecocritical and ecotheological questions that pertain to the religious/secular divide, the study then turns to four contemporary American writers--Annie Dillard, Cormac McCarthy, Marilynne Robinson, and David James Duncan as examples. Each uses the contingency of literary form and its promise of wholeness in order to imagine reasons for hope in light of the unpredictability and untold human and more-than-human suffering that lie at the heart of nature.The book will be of interest to students, scholars and researchers interested in ecotheology, religious studies, environmental literature, the environmental humanities, and environmental studies more broadly. It offers a needed paradigm shift in how Western societies have tended to misuse both secularity and religion.

This book provides a systematic study of the challenges of aging in China and of the measures being taken, planned and still needed to cope with the challenges. It highlights that the number of people aged 65 or above is growing and that the growth will accelerate - from 176 million people representing 12.6% of the population in 2019 to 310 million representing 22.3% of the population by 2035; and it also highlights that the aging comes at a time when China's economy is not yet fully developed and not yet fully balanced. The book outlines how China has already established an elderly care system and is beginning to meet the needs of the elderly for economic security, social services and so on, discusses the need for enhancing and considerably extending the existing system, and proposes reform ideas and key policy options.