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While Methane (CH4) is the second most prevalent anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) after carbon dioxide (CO2), the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of the former is 28-34 times higher than that of the latter. Coal mining is a major source of methane emissions, accounting for about 12% of global total anthropogenic emissions of that gas. Most emissions come from underground working mines, but those from abandoned mines are raising. Action on methane requires a solid understanding of emission sources at national, subnational, and local levels. Only with reliable emissions data, can policymakers design effective GHG policies, evaluate mitigation opportunities, and comply with their international climate commitments. National monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) programs can not only help countries better understand the contribution of coal mining to their overall methane and GHG emissions, but also identify opportunities for mitigation. In particular, MRV can help assess and track the effectiveness of the adopted climate policies. Setting up efficient MRV schemes is also important to deliver on international climate commitments in the context of the Paris Agreement.

The purpose of this statistical report is to promote UNCTAD statistics and UNCTAD's engagement with Agenda 2030. Small island developing States (SIDS) face an uphill battle as they strive to recover from the impact of the COVID-19 crisis amid vulnerabilities worsened by the pandemic. The 2021 edition of UNCTAD's Development and Globalization: Facts and Figures report, highlights the numerous strengths and challenges facing these economically vulnerable countries.

In accordance with Article 102 of the Charter and the relevant General Assembly Resolutions, every treaty and international agreement registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat since 1946 is published in the United Nations Treaty Series. At present, the collection includes about 30,000 treaties reproduced in their authentic languages, together with translations into English and French, as necessary.

In accordance with Article 102 of the Charter and the relevant General Assembly Resolutions, every treaty and international agreement registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat since 1946 is published in the United Nations Treaty Series. At present, the collection includes about 30,000 treaties reproduced in their authentic languages, together with translations into English and French, as necessary.

This publication is the fifty-first issue of this publication which comprises in the form of analytical tables a summary of the principal national accounting aggregates based on official national accounts data for more than 200 countries and areas, covering 1970-2020. It also contains a section on the estimation methods used for compiling data, and is prepared by the Statistics Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations in cooperation with national statistical offices. Tables include analysis of data on gross domestic product (GDP) by different structural components. They are classified into: 1) analysis of the level and real growth of total and per capita GDP; 2) analysis of the percentage share of GDP by type of expenditure and gross value added by kind of economic activity; 3) analysis of economic development expressed in terms of real growth of GDP and its components by type of expenditure and gross value added by kind of economic activity; and 4) analysis of price development reflected by implicit price deflators of GDP.

The Statistical Yearbook provides a comprehensive compilation of internationally available statistics on social and economic conditions and activities, at world, regional and national levels, for an appropriate historical period.

This publication comprises the ATP Agreement itself and its Annexes with comments added where appropriate for clarification or additional explanation of the text. Comments contained in the ATP Handbook are not legally binding for Contracting Parties of the ATP. They are, however, important for the interpretation, harmonization, and application of the Agreement as they reflect the opinion of the Working Party on the Transport of Perishable Foodstuffs of the Inland Transport Committee of the Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).

The Waste Statistics Framework serves as a guide for statisticians compiling national waste statistics and contributes to further international harmonisation of waste statistics. The proposed expanded scope of waste statistics provides an important foundation for measuring the circular economy and other waste-related policy areas.

At its eight session, the Meeting of the Parties to the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Water Convention) decided to develop a handbook based on existing practices covering the key aspects of equitable and sustainable allocation of water in the transboundary context, addressing both surface waters and groundwaters, and also environmental flows (programme area 3, activity 3.3). Work began in 2019 on developing the Transboundary Water Allocation Handbook, which will provide a global review of water allocation arrangements in transboundary basins. Illustrative case studies from around the world will highlight diverse transboundary allocation practices, challenges and lessons learned. The development of the Handbook is being supported by an Expert Group to provide guidance and oversight on the structure, substantive content and illustrative case studies. The Handbook will reference relevant tools and information resources and examples of: (a) the key elements (e.g., institutional framework, data sharing) for agreeing on water allocations; (b) options and approaches that can be followed technically and legally; (c) relevant considerations in designing a process to agree on water allocation; and (d) the benefits that can be drawn from agreeing on water allocation. The experience in implementing existing allocation arrangements as well as limitations of water allocation will also be included.

This report is issued in response to Article 98 of the UN Charter, which mandates the Secretary-General to provide an annual report to the General Assembly on the work of the Organization. The Report covers nine sections: (i) promotion of sustained economic growth and sustainable development; (ii) maintenance of international peace and security; (iii) development in Africa; (iv) promotion of human rights; (v) effective coordination of humanitarian assistance; (vi) promotion of justice and international law; (vii) disarmament; (viii) drug control, crime prevention and combating international terrorism; and (ix) effective functioning of the Organization. In particular the report highlights how the UN Secretariat translates resources into impact across priority areas. The e-book for this publication has been converted into an accessible format for the visually impaired and people with print reading disabilities. It is fully compatible with leading screen-reader technologies such as JAWS and NVDA.

In accordance with Article 102 of the Charter and the relevant General Assembly Resolutions, every treaty and international agreement registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat since 1946 is published in the United Nations Treaty Series.

In accordance with Article 102 of the Charter and the relevant General Assembly Resolutions, every treaty and international agreement registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat since 1946 is published in the United Nations Treaty Series. At present, the collection includes about 30,000 treaties reproduced in their authentic languages, together with translations into English and French, as necessary.Conformément à l'article 102 de la Charte et aux résolutions pertinentes de l'Assemblée générale, tous les traités et accords internationaux enregistrés ou classés auprès du Secrétariat depuis 1946 sont publiés dans le Recueil des traités. Actuellement, la collection comprend environ 30.000 traités reproduits dans leur langue d'origine, avec des traductions en anglais et en français, si nécessaire.

In accordance with Article 102 of the Charter and the relevant General Assembly Resolutions, every treaty and international agreement registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat since 1946 is published in the United Nations Treaty Series. At present, the collection includes about 30,000 treaties reproduced in their authentic languages, together with translations into English and French, as necessary. Conformément à l'article 102 de la Charte et aux résolutions pertinentes de l'Assemblée générale, tous les traités et accords internationaux enregistrés ou classés auprès du Secrétariat depuis 1946 sont publiés dans le Recueil des traités. Actuellement, la collection comprend environ 30.000 traités reproduits dans leur langue d'origine, avec des traductions en anglais et en français, si nécessaire.

This edition of International Trade Outlook for Latin America and the Caribbean covers 2021 reviews the recent performance of global andregional trade following the crisis caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The pandemic triggered a significant loss of export capacity in the region, affecting micro, small and medium-sized enterprises in particular. The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the strategic nature of this industry, not only because of its direct link to public health, but also because it is an innovative sector with significant technological externalities.

This publication compiles selected indicators concerning population estimates and projections at the national level for 38 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. The estimates and projections for the 20 Latin American countries were prepared by CELADE-Population Division of ECLAC, together with the United Nations Population Division (UNPD). The figures for the Caribbean countries were prepared by UNPD. In this edition, the customary analytical chapter looks at recent population trends in the region. The technical notes list the data sources consulted for each country.

This publication uses national sources of data on deaths from civil registry offices and health information systems to analyse the impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on mortality in the countries of the region. In addition, by means of a simulation exercise based on different scenarios of COVID-19 prevalence rates, it estimates the impact of COVID-19-related deaths on life expectancy at birth for the 38 countries and territories of Latin America and the Caribbean. The information used to prepare this edition of the Demographic Observatory corresponds to official information on deaths and causes of death available at 31 October 2020, as well as population estimates and projections prepared by the United Nations.

The International Law Commission was established in 1947 with a view to carrying out the responsibility of the General Assembly, under article 13(1)(a) of the Charter of the United Nations, to “initiate studies and make recommendations for the purpose of ... encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification.” Since its first session in 1949, the Commission has considered a wide-range of topics of international law and made a number of proposals for its codification and progressive development, some of which have served as the basis for the subsequent adoption of major multilateral treaties. The Yearbook of the International Law Commission contains the official records of the Commission and is an indispensable tool for the preservation of the legislative history of the documents emanating from the Commission, as well as for the teaching, study, dissemination and wider appreciation of the efforts undertaken by the Commission in the progressive development of international law and its codification. Volume II (Part One) reproduces the edited versions of the official documents considered by the Commission at the respective annual session.

In accordance with Article 102 of the Charter and the relevant General Assembly Resolutions, every treaty and international agreement registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat since 1946 is published in the United Nations Treaty Series.

In accordance with Article 102 of the Charter and the relevant General Assembly Resolutions, every treaty and international agreement registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat since 1946 is published in the United Nations Treaty Series.

This publication outlines the region's economic performance in 2020 and analyses trends in the early months of 2021, as well as the outlook for the rest of the year. It examines the external and domestic factors that have influenced the region's economic performance, analyses the characteristics of growth, prices and the labour market, and draws attention to some of the macroeconomic policy challenges of the prevailing external conditions, amid mounting uncertainty stemming mainly from political factors. It analyses the dynamics of investment and its determinants, with a view to identifying the different variables on which public policy can act to influence the trajectory of investment. This edition also analyses the impact of the crisis caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on the region's labour markets, with a comparison of historical trends, and particular emphasis placed on the disproportionate effect of the pandemic on female and youth employment.

Disability-inclusive employment has yet to be achieved in the Asia-Pacific region, home to 472 million working-age persons with disabilities.

The publication focuses on greening urban passenger transport systems in Asia and the Pacific region.

This publication supports policymakers in Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus sub-region in designing effective policies that optimize the potential for innovative, high-growth entrepreneurship.

The Forest Products Annual Market Review 2021-2021 provides a comprehensive analysis of markets in the UNECE region and reports on the main market influences beyond the region. It covers products from the forest to the end-user and from roundwood and primary processed products to value-added, housing, and wood energy. Statistics-based chapters analyze the markets for wood raw materials, sawnwood, wood-based panels, paper, paperboard, and wood pulp. Underlying the analysis is a comprehensive collection of data. The Review highlights the role of sustainable forest products in international markets, discusses policies concerning forests and forest products, assesses the main trends and drivers, and analyses the effects of the current economic situation on forest product markets.

This annual publication provides an update on the evolution of a selection of official SDG indicators and complementary data and statistics, highlighting progress on the development of new concepts and methodologies for UNCTAD custodian indicators. It further demonstrates, beyond the perspective of the formal SDG indicators, how UNCTAD is contributing to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

This is the United Nations definitive report on the state of the world economy, providing global and regional economic outlook for 2022 and 2023. The World Economic Situation and Prospects 2022 will examine the recovery of the global economy from the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to presenting the latest UN growth forecasts, the report will provide a comprehensive assessment of economic developments, risk factors, and policy challenges. This year's thematic chapter will discuss the macroeconomic and distributional consequences of monetary policy, with particular focus on unconventional measures such as quantitative easing (QE).