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Utopian Socialism of the Nineteenth Century was written in 1913, when Plekhanov, though in the main still a dialectical materialist, had diverged from revolutionary Marxism in certain highly essential matters of Marxist theory, and taken up an opportunist stand. An analysis of this work will, however, reveal that even in this Menshevik period of his activities, Plekhanov, in his historical and philosophical studies, remained true to the principles of historical materialism. Dealing with the Utopian socialists of England, France and Germany, this study is marked by a profoundly scientific analysis of the subject. Though the author says he was unable to make a study of the social movements that produced the Utopian socialists' ideas, his exposition of their views points in passing as it were, to certain highly important historical facts that conditioned both the character and the direction of the development of these ideas. What Plekhanov makes a thorough study of is the theoretical sources the Utopian socialists drew from, and the latter's special contribution to the treasure-house of theoretical thought. Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov (1856-1918) was one of the leaders of Russian populism and after his emigration to Western Europe in 1880 became the foremost Russian Marxist abroad. He founded in 1883, together with Pavel Axelrod, the 'Group for the Liberation of Labor', the first Russian social democratic party, and in 1900 together with Lenin the 'Iskra', the first Russian Marxist newspaper, but a few years later broke with Lenin and sided with the Mensheviks.

This volume contains Froebel's songs and games for the mother with her child. This is justly regarded as the key to the philosophy of the kindergarten and as the manual of its practice. Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852) was a German educator who introduced the concept of kindergarten. This book is a collection of fifteen essays, originally published in German in 1861, on the value of different stages of a child's play. Froebel found an educational value in every phase of the child's play, and in every object that engages its attention. Froebel finds all that the child does significant and of educational importance. In fact, he is the great pioneer and founder of child study as well as of the pedagogic theory of intellectual values.

This book was written primarily for vocational rehabilitation counselors. It is expected that it will assist them in planning better rehabilitation programs. The need for awareness of the psychological adjustment mechanisms of the physically disabled is not confined to the counselor, however, and it is hoped that physicians, social workers, psychologists, and placement specialists may profit from the contents of this publication. The cooperation and coordination of the various specialties is the most important element today in providing rehabilitation services for the disabled whereby they may take their rightful place as contributing members of society.

CONTENTSWhat is Illustration?The Equipment of the IllustratorMethods of Drawing for Reproduction in LineThe Reproduction of Line DrawingsThe Making of Wash Drawings and their Reproduction by Mechanical ProcessReproduction of Drawings by Wood EngravingLithographyEtchingThe Printing of EtchingsPhotogravure and Photo-Lithography, etc.Making Ready for the Printing Press

CONTENTSThe Fire-Fly's LoversThe Travels of the Two FrogsThe Child of the ThunderThe Tongue-Cut SparrowThe Ape and the CrabThe Wonderful Tea-KettleBenkei and the BellLittle Silver's DreamThe Magic FrogHow the Jelly-Fish Lost his ShellLord Cuttle-Fish's ConcertRaiko and His GuardsRaiko Slays the DemonsThe Ambitious CarpLord Long-Legs' ProcessionThe Power of LoveThe Tide-JewelsThe Grateful CraneThe Idol and the WhaleThe Gift of Gold Lacquer

CONTENTSFamily - Birth - Education - Early LifeGeneral and Minister - Second Marriage - In Loyal OppositionThe Protestant RevolutionSedition - Rebellion - WarAlva - Terror - DefeatIn Exile and Affliction - The Nassau FamilyBeggars of the Sea - Brill - St. Bartholomew - DefeatThe Death Grapple - Negotiations - AbandonmentRequesens - Leyden - Charlotte de BourbonDon John - General Union - ApogeeDiscord - Ban - ApologyUnited States - Anjou - AssassinsLouise de Coligny - Death - Conclusion

CONTENTSChildhood and Early College LifeThe Grand TourStoke-Pogis. - Death of West. - First English PoemsLife at CambridgeThe "Elegy." - Six Poems. - Death of Gray's Aunt and MotherThe Pindaric OdesBritish Museum. - Norton NicholsLife at Cambridge. - English TravelsBonstetten. - DeathPosthumous

The first part, titled Letters, contains essays on such topics as Books, Henry James, Alphonse Daudet, Guy de Maupassant, Anatole France, Turgenev, Stephen Crane, Tales of the Sea, An Observer in Malaya, The Life Beyond, and The Censor of Plays. The second part, title Life, includes such topics as Autocracy and War, The Crime of Partition, Note on the Polish Problem, Tradition, Confidence, Flight, Some Reflections on the Loss of the "Titanic," Protection of Ocean Liners, and A Friendly Place. Joseph Conrad was a Polish-born English novelist best known in his own time as a writer of sea stories. He is now more admired as a novelist of moral exploration and a master of narrative technique - a major 20th century novelist.

Published by the United States Senate Special Committee to Study Problems of American Small Business in 1943, the preface opens with: "One of the secrets of fighting an effective war is knowing the enemy, how he operates, and what are his aims. Yet, although we have been officially at war with Hitler's germany for more than a year, there is still an insufficient understanding among the American people of the relationship between National Socialism and the cause of independent small business enterprise. "This study establishes two points that, in my opinion, deserve the closest attention of thoughtful Americans. "First, it shows that despite their wild promises to small business, the Nazis have systematically proceeded to destroy small business. Often it is done directly by forcing smaller concerns to close down. Still more often it is done by undermining the independence of smaller concerns; that is, by making them completely subservient to a giant cartel, a prime contractor, or the Third Reich itself. ... "Moreover, the study lays bare the fact that the neglect of small business by the pre-Hitler Government assisted Hitler in his rise to power. ..." Claude Pepper Member, Special Committee to Study Problems of American Small Business United States Senate

CONTENTSThe King of Sweden's Visit to St. PetersburgCatherine II.Of the FavouritesAccession of PaulHas Paul Reason to Fear the Fate of Peter III.?Revolutions May Be ExpectedNational CharacterReligionOn Female GovernmentEducationSupplementAppendix

Volume I studies the origins of the Lombardic vaulted basilica. Volume II reconstructs the history of the Lombardic basilica north of the Alps. This reprint of the 1910 edition includes eight hundred fine illustrations, most of which were omitted from later editions. In addition to Lombardic/Italian architecture it deals with the Lombardo Norman style in Burgundy, Normandy, England, Ireland and Germany.

Living in an extravagant age, George Sand gloried in her own contribution to its extravagance. She not only "lived her own life," but boldly asserted her right to do so. Her feeling apparently was that, when she loved, she was making history; and she took pains that the future historians should not find the records incomplete. Not only did she most carefully preserve such records of her amours; she left directions that they should be published after her death. George Sand provided the material, and meant it to be used. She did not regard the incidents related in this volume as scandalous either at the time or afterwards. Her view in later life evidently was that her love affairs, no less than her early books, were apart of the Romantic Movement. To the historian, indeed, they are a very instructive part of it. One really needs to have the life of George Sand before one in order to understand how much more the Romantic Movement was than a revolt against the classical traditions of literature and the stage.

A scientific consensus is emerging that rising atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases are gradually changing the Earth's climate, although the magnitude, timing, and effects of the alteration remain very uncertain. The prospect of long-term climate change raises a variety of domestic and international economic policy issues on which there is little accord. Considerable disagreement exists about whether to control greenhouse gas emissions, and if so, how and by how much; and whether to coordinate climate-related policies at the international level, and if so, through what mechanisms. This Congressional Budget Office (CBO) study presents an overview of issues related to climate change, focusing primarily on its economic aspects. The study draws from numerous published sources to summarize the current state of climate science and provide a conceptual framework for addressing climate change as an economic problem. It also examines public policy options and discusses the potential complications and benefits of international coordination. In keeping with CBO's mandate to provide impartial analysis, the study makes no recommendations.

This is the first account of the formation of the Irish Citizen Army during the Dublin strike of 1913-1914, and the part it played in the subsequent history of Ireland. The author, who was himself a leading figure in the movement, writes with vigor and conviction on the role of labor in Ireland, and expresses a very definite opinion on the relations of the workers to the Nationalist movement. The book contains character portraits of Larkin, Connolly and the Countess Markiewicz; and facts bearing on the relations between the Citizen Army and the Volunteers emerge here for the first time. This dramatic account of the Irish Citizen Army also has its special importance in literary history as the first published work by Sean O'Casey (under the pseudonym of P. O. Cathasaigh). Sean O'Casey went on to become Ireland's greatest playwright as well as the author of one of the most fascinating autobiographies in the history of literature.

As a documentary history, this volume illustrates the evolution of civil affairs policy and practice in the Mediterranean and European Theaters of Operations during World War II. It deal s with U.S. Army and Anglo-American planning and operations in the sphere of relations with civilians in certain liberated and conquered countries in Europe during the war, prior to the invasion of Germany. Although the Army had not considered civil affairs preparation essential prior to World War II, during the war it created the Civil Affairs Division at the War Department level to coordinate all civil affairs planning and training. For the first time, extensive recruiting and training programs were organized, and G-5 (civil affairs and military government) staff sections were added at the theater army, corps, and division levels. Not only did soldiers become the administrators of civilian life for the Army's immediate needs, they also became the executors, and sometimes the proposers, of national and international political policy. This broader role was the result of the inability of the Allies to agree on specific political aims until after active hostilities were over, if then. In this policy void, U.S. and British military authorities were often responsible for the gradual transition to a postwar national and international order with only general guidelines from higher authorities. The materials presented in Part I, concerned with the preparatory and organizational stage, suggest that the President's decision to entrust the civil affairs responsibility to the Army was because civilian authorities were unready to undertake the mission. Documents in Part II show the difficulties of fitting civilian institutions into the context of battle and a military framework, thus indicating additional rationale for leaving military authorities in exclusive control. Part III reveals that, despite this experience, Allied authorities planning for the liberated countries of northwest Europe still proposed to delegate civil affairs to indigenous civilian authorities, insofar as was possible. Operations are dealt with in Part IV, which show that conditions during and immediately following hostilities made it necessary for the Allies to render these authorities substantial assistance in the area of civil affairs. The compilation of documents appear to make it clear that the issue of military-versus-civilian administration was far less important than the issue of military values versus civil-political values, and it was in the latter area that the most serious difficulties arose.KEY TOPICS:1. Arguments over civilian or military control of civil affairs (Ch. I)2. Civilian civil affairs activities in French North Africa and gradual military involvement (Ch. II)3. Creation of a military organization to undertake civil affairs activities (Chs. III-VI)4. Military government/civil affairs operations in Italy (Chs. VII-XXI)5. Planning for civil affairs operations in Europe (Chs. XXII-XXIV)6. Military government/civil affairs operations in western Europe (Chs. XXV-XXXII)

As a documentary history, this volume illustrates the evolution of civil affairs policy and practice in the Mediterranean and European Theaters of Operations during World War II. It deal s with U.S. Army and Anglo-American planning and operations in the sphere of relations with civilians in certain liberated and conquered countries in Europe during the war, prior to the invasion of Germany. Although the Army had not considered civil affairs preparation essential prior to World War II, during the war it created the Civil Affairs Division at the War Department level to coordinate all civil affairs planning and training. For the first time, extensive recruiting and training programs were organized, and G-5 (civil affairs and military government) staff sections were added at the theater army, corps, and division levels. Not only did soldiers become the administrators of civilian life for the Army's immediate needs, they also became the executors, and sometimes the proposers, of national and international political policy. This broader role was the result of the inability of the Allies to agree on specific political aims until after active hostilities were over, if then. In this policy void, U.S. and British military authorities were often responsible for the gradual transition to a postwar national and international order with only general guidelines from higher authorities. The materials presented in Part I, concerned with the preparatory and organizational stage, suggest that the President's decision to entrust the civil affairs responsibility to the Army was because civilian authorities were unready to undertake the mission. Documents in Part II show the difficulties of fitting civilian institutions into the context of battle and a military framework, thus indicating additional rationale for leaving military authorities in exclusive control. Part III reveals that, despite this experience, Allied authorities planning for the liberated countries of northwest Europe still proposed to delegate civil affairs to indigenous civilian authorities, insofar as was possible. Operations are dealt with in Part IV, which show that conditions during and immediately following hostilities made it necessary for the Allies to render these authorities substantial assistance in the area of civil affairs. The compilation of documents appear to make it clear that the issue of military-versus-civilian administration was far less important than the issue of military values versus civil-political values, and it was in the latter area that the most serious difficulties arose.KEY TOPICS:1. Arguments over civilian or military control of civil affairs (Ch. I)2. Civilian civil affairs activities in French North Africa and gradual military involvement (Ch. II)3. Creation of a military organization to undertake civil affairs activities (Chs. III-VI)4. Military government/civil affairs operations in Italy (Chs. VII-XXI)5. Planning for civil affairs operations in Europe (Chs. XXII-XXIV)6. Military government/civil affairs operations in western Europe (Chs. XXV-XXXII)

A striking feature of World War II was America's ability to raise and equip a modern army seemingly overnight. Emerging from its negligible base in 1941 and competing with the needs of the other services and Allies, the Army stood in just forty-eight months at 8 million men with equipment second to none. Such a prodigious feat owes much to sound military planning, as The Victory Plan of 1941 carefully demonstrates. But this study also underscores the fact that even in 1941 warfare had become so vast in scope, so expensive, and so technologically complex that nations could never again afford to maintain in time of peace the armies needed in time of war. As Albert Wedemeyer, the remarkable Army officer who wrote the 1941 plan, makes clear, mobilization transcends purely military matters and must be understood to embrace the total capacity of nations. The conclusion seems inescapable: the United States Army must keep mobilization planning at the center of all its military planning. The experience of the nation's total mobilization for World War II offers good counsel, not so much in its details of numbers and types of units raised or materiel required as in its description of the thought process Wedemeyer and his colleagues used in reaching these decisions. I recommend the following analysis of Wedemeyer's vital work to military planners and to all those studying mobilization and logistics. It will provide a clear picture of how our recent predecessors approached the complex challenge of preparing for modern war, a challenge that remains with us today.Harold W. NelsonColonel, USAChief of Military History

Timber's strength, light weight, and energy-absorbing properties furnish features desirable for bridge construction. Timber is capable of supporting short-term overloads without adverse effects. Contrary to popular belief, large wood members provide good fire resistance qualities that meet or exceed those of other materials in severe fire exposures. From an economic standpoint, wood is competitive with other materials on a first-cost basis and shows advantages when life cycle costs are compared. Timber bridges can be constructed in virtually any weather conditions, without detriment to the material. Wood is not damaged by continuous freezing and thawing and resists harmful effects of de-icing agents, which cause deterioration in other bridge materials. Timber bridges do not require special equipment for installation and can normally be constructed without highly skilled labor. They also present a natural and aesthetically pleasing appearance, particularly in natural surroundings. The misconception that wood provides a short service life has plagued timber as a construction material. Although wood is susceptible to decay or insect attack under specific conditions, it is inherently a very durable material when protected from moisture. Many covered bridges built during the 19th century have lasted over 100 years because they were protected from direct exposure to the elements. In modem applications, it is seldom practical or economical to cover bridges; however, the use of wood preservatives has extended the life of wood used in exposed bridge applications. Using modem application techniques and preservative chemicals, wood can now be effectively protected from deterioration for periods of 50 years or longer. In addition, wood treated with preservatives requires little maintenance and no painting. Another misconception about wood as a bridge material is that its use is limited to minor structures of no appreciable size. This belief is probably based on the fact that trees for commercial timber are limited in size and are normally harvested before they reach maximum size. Although tree diameter limits the size of sawn lumber, the advent of glued-laminated timber (glulam) some 40 years ago provided designers with several compensating alternatives. Glulam, which is the most widely used modem timber bridge material, is manufactured by bonding sawn lumber laminations together with waterproof structural adhesives. Thus, glulam members are virtually unlimited in depth, width, and length and can be manufactured in a wide range of shapes. Glulam provides higher design strengths than sawn lumber and provides better utilization of the available timber resource by permitting the manufacture of large wood structural elements from smaller lumber sizes. Technological advances in laminating over the past four decades have further increased the suitability and performance of wood for modern highway bridge applications.

Large ocean energy farms may one day prove to be an alternative source of synthetic natural gas for homes and businesses. Research into new ocean biomass energy systems has been reviewed here by the Office of Technology Assessment of the United States Congress, with the assistance of specialists in the research and development aspects of ocean farming. This report presents the status of ocean energy farm developments and evaluates their potential. While ocean energy farms are now in the early stages of development and much research remains to be done, the prospects are encouraging. This book contains descriptive and analytic material concerning ocean biomass resources; potential for future ocean farms; technologies of ocean farming; existing government and private efforts; energy and economic data; environmental effects and legal aspects; and future research needs.

An etcher of considerable skill, Frederic G. Kitton (1856-1904) devoted his life to illustrating and writing about the works of Charles Dickens. Here, he presents detailed studies of the illustrators who worked with Dickens and examines the relationships between author and artists, drawing on correspondence between them and reproducing preparatory sketches. Kitton's list of 16 illustrators includes "Phiz," George Cruikshank, Robert Seymour, George Cattermole and Sir John Tenniel. This is the most comprehensive review of the relationship of Dickens and his illustrators, accompanied by many illustrations, and is a scholarly document, helpful in understanding Dickens and his work. The work contains twenty-two portraits and facsimiles of seventy original drawings.

CONTENTSPart III. 1850-1861Zürich: Karlritter, Hans von Bülow, Herwegh, Uhlig, Wesendoncks, etc.'Nibelungen Ring,' Liszt at Zürich, Schopenhauer, Composition of the 'Rheingold' and 'Walküre'London (Philharmonic Concerts)Zürich, Selisberg, Mornex, Brunnen ('Tristan')Liszt and Princess Wittgenstein (Zürich, St. Gall)The 'Asyl' ('Tristan')Venice ('Tristan')Lucerne ('Tristan')Paris (Production of 'Tannhaüser')Part IV. 1861-1864Weimar, Reichenhall, ViennaParis (Libretto of the 'Meistersinger')Biebrich ('Meistersinger')Vienna: Rehearsals of the 'Tristan', ConcertsConcerts at St. Petersburg and MoscowResidence at Penzing, Near ViennaFlight: Zürich, StuttgartMessage from the King

The author was Josephine's principal confidant after the divorce, accompanying the ex-Empress to her exile in Navarre. An important source supplemented by extensive correspondence.

The author was Josephine's principal confidant after the divorce, accompanying the ex-Empress to her exile in Navarre. An important source supplemented by extensive correspondence.

The memoirs of Cardinal de Retz cover all the great events during the minority of Louis XIV and the administration of Cardinal Mazarin. The author, John Francis Paul de Gondi, Cardinal de Retz, Sovereign of Commercy, Prince of Euville, second Archbishop of Paris, Abbot of Saint Denis in France, was born at Montmirail, in Brie, in 1614, and died in Paris in 1679. This history was first printed in Paris in 1705.

This book is one of the first descriptions of North America, originally published in French in 1697 and in English in 1698. Father Louis Hennepin was a Recollect missionary, stationed in Quebec and other posts in French Canada. He was later assigned to travel with La Salle on the expedition to reach the Gulf of Mexico from Canada by traveling the Mississippi River. He sketches the New World as it was when the Europeans first touched it. His is the first written description of Niagara Falls, and his examination of every facet of American Indian culture is a gold mine of information.

This book is one of the first descriptions of North America, originally published in French in 1697 and in English in 1698. Father Louis Hennepin was a Recollect missionary, stationed in Quebec and other posts in French Canada. He was later assigned to travel with La Salle on the expedition to reach the Gulf of Mexico from Canada by traveling the Mississippi River. He sketches the New World as it was when the Europeans first touched it. His is the first written description of Niagara Falls, and his examination of every facet of American Indian culture is a gold mine of information.

In 1900 Jeremiah Curtin made the journey through southern Siberia with the object being to visit the birthplace of the Mongol race, and to see for himself the origins and survivals of a prepotent people which once subdued and ruled China, devastated Russia, conquered Burma and other lands east of India, overran Persia, established themselves in Asia Minor and Constantinople, and covered Hungary with blood and ashes, thus occupying at different epochs most of Asia and a large part of Europe. Jeremiah Curtin (1835 - 1906), was a renowned folk-lorist (linguist and translator). An American, but of Irish descent, in 1887 he traveled in the West of Ireland (including the Aran Islands) recording tales and legends from Gaelic speakers. Born to an Irish Catholic family, Jeremiah Curtin spent his early years on a farm in Greenfield, Wisconsin. After graduating from Harvard (1863), where he studied under Francis James Child, he moved to New York, read law, and worked for the U.S. Sanitary Commission while translating and teaching languages. He then traveled to St. Petersburg, Russia (1864), where he served as Secretary to the American legation headed by Cassius Clay. In his free time Curtin traveled extensively throughout Russia and the Caucasus. Upon his return to the United States, Curtin lectured throughout the country about Russia, marrying Alma Cardell of Warren, Vermont in 1872.

This was the first book of Chinese stories ever printed in English, published in 1908 with an introduction by Yin-Chwang Wang Tsen-Zan of the University of Chicago.