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This 1911 biography reveals the extraordinary influence of the wealthy botanist Banks on eighteenth-century science, exploration and society.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

The Office of Technology Assessment is currently preparing an assessment of energy from biological processes. In the course of this study we have carried out an extensive analysis of alcohol fuels from agricultural products. This technical memorandum presents these findings in response to congressional interest in synthetic fuels. The purpose of the memorandum is to illuminate the technical and non-technical issues surrounding the development of gasohol. It discusses the resource base, production technologies, and economics of gasohol, and its use as a transportation fuel. The report also contains a discussion of the environmental problems and benefits of producing and using gasohol, and the social and institutional issues about using agricultural products for energy.While the memorandum does not present an analysis of policy issues, it does provide estimates of how much gasohol can be used at what cost, and the long-term prospects for ethanol production. All are important to the current congressional debate over development of a gasohol policy.

The history of initial actions in a war contains lessons of special value for the professional soldier and for all students of military problems. Northwest Africa abounds in such lessons, for it covers the first massive commitments of American forces in World War II. The continent of Africa became a gigantic testing ground of tactics, weapons, and training evolved through years of peace. The invasion stretched American resources to the limit. Simultaneously the country was trying to maintain a line of communications to Australia, to conduct a campaign at Guadalcanal, to support China in the war against Japan, to arm and supply Russia's hard-pressed armies on the Eastern Front, to overcome the U-boat menace in the Atlantic, to fulfill lend-lease commitments, and to accumulate the means to penetrate the heart of the German and Japanese homelands. The Anglo-American allies could carry out the occupation of Northwest Africa only by making sacrifices all along the line. Two campaigns occurred there: Operation TORCH which swiftly liberated French North Africa from Vichy French control, followed by a longer Allied effort to destroy all the military forces of the Axis powers in Africa. The latter concentrated in Tunisia, where the front at one time extended more than 375 miles, and fighting progressed from scattered meeting engagements to the final concentric thrust of American, British, and French ground and air forces against two German and Italian armies massed in the vicinity of Bizerte and Tunis. The planning, preparation, and conduct of the Allied operations in Northwest Africa tested and strengthened the Anglo-American alliance. Under General Dwight D. Eisenhower a novel form of command evolved which proved superior to adversities and capable of overwhelming the enemy. Richard W. Stephens Maj. Gen., U.S.A. Chief of Military History

The Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI) of the Central Intelligence Agency and the George W. Bush Center for Presidential Studies at Texas A&M University co-sponsored a conference on "US Intelligence and the End of the Cold War" on the Texas A&M University campus at College Station from 18 to 20 November 1999. As a contribution to the conference, CSI prepared a compendium of newly declassified US intelligence documents covering the years 1989-1991. This period encompassed events in the USSR and Eastern Europe that transformed the postwar world and much of the 20th century's geopolitical landscape. It was a time when the tempo of history accelerated so rapidly that, as one historian put it, events seemed to be moving beyond human control, if not human comprehension. Benjamin B. Fischer of CIA's History Staff selected, edited, and wrote the preface to the National Intelligence Estimates and other intelligence assessments included in this companion volume. In conjunction with the conference, the Intelligence Community will release to the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) the records reprinted in this compendium and those listed in the Appendix. The declassification and release of these documents marks a new stage in the CIA's commitment to openness. The Agency has only rarely declassified and made available to the public and to scholars Cold War records of such recent vintage. The new release complements and supplements the previous declassification of more than 550 National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs) and Special National Intelligence Estimates (SNIEs) on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe from 1946 to 1985. CIA continues to review and declassify finished intelligence on these countries. These records are available at NARA's Archives II facility in College Park, Maryland, in Records Group 263 (Central Intelligence Agency Records). Two of the documents reprinted in this volume originated with CIA's Office of Soviet Analysis (SOVA). Both have been cited in accounts of US-Soviet relations during the Bush administration and have been discussed elsewhere. The complete texts appear here for the first time. Mr. Fischer tried to identify and release the most important analysis available for this period. His selection is comprehensive. Some of the documents, especially those on military-strategic subjects, were only partially declassified, since they contain data from still-sensitive sources and methods. Readers should understand, however, that even the portions reprinted here contain information that until recently was highly classified. We want to note, in addition, that we have selected only estimates and assessments prepared during the Bush administration. We realize that, in some cases, estimates and other forms of finished intelligence issued before 1989 may have addressed some of the same issues and even reached some of the same conclusions as those that came later, but our focus is exclusively on what was written during 1989-1991. Mr. Fischer and I would like to thank all those responsible for making this compendium and the conference possible. Above all, we would like to thank former President George Bush and his staff for enthusiastically endorsing the conference and Director of Central Intelligence George J. Tenet for his support and cooperation. We also would like to thank CIA's Executive Director, David W. Carey, for his assistance in releasing the documents. Closer to home, we want to thank CIA's Office of Information Management, headed by Edmund Cohen, and in particular James Oliver, chief of the Historical Review Program, Howard Stoertz, John Vogel, and James Noren. We also would like to thank readers who took the time to examine this volume in draft and to make comments, and Michael Warner, Deputy Chief of the History Staff, who worked closely with us on this project. Gerald K. Haines Chief Historian September 1999

Few people intentionally consider durability when designing a home, but rather rely on experience and market acceptance to make design decisions. This approach to design works best in a stable housing market where architectural preferences and material choices do not change or change very slowly. The housing market, however, tends to be dynamic rather than stable and new materials and preferences influence the market continuously, sometimes in dramatic ways. This dynamic condition also places a responsibility on designers and builders to properly apply their experiences, which are often based on older construction methods and materials, to new materials and design conditions. As a result, it is important to understand why certain practices have been effective (or ineffective) in the past so that they can be properly interpreted and considered in the design and construction of modern homes. Durability by Design: A Guide for Residential Builders and Designers is intended to raise the awareness and understanding of building durability as a design consideration in housing. The Guide covers basic concepts of durability and presents recommended practices -including numerous construction details and design data- for matters such as moisture management, ultraviolet (UV) protection, insects, decay, corrosion, and natural hazards. Some attention is also given to matters that may be considered serviceability issues related to normal wear-and-tear, aesthetics, or functions not immediately associated with durability. The contents of this Guide will help to preserve and promote "tried-and-true" practices and concepts related to housing durability, and present them in a manner that can be used to cost-effectively design the durable homes of the future.

These tales have their scenes laid in Silesia and Bohemia. For centuries they have come down in the shape of tradition from generation to generation. Silesia, the land of their birth, has had an eventful history. Originally a part of Poland, it was drawn under the influence of the German king, Frederick Barbarossa, about 1163. Many names of places suggest that the original population was Celtic. For four centuries it was almost continuously under the domination of Bohemia. It was annexed to that country about 1472. It was finally added to Prussia by Frederick the Great. Bohemia derives its name from a Celtic tribe. It forms the borderline between the German and Slavonic races. Rübezahl, the hero of these tales is a spirit prince and exercises supreme authority over all other gnomes in his district. He is superior to them in many particulars. What his real appearance is no one really knows. He can make himself so beautiful that Apollo is ugly in comparison. On the other hand, he may, and he often does, assume an appearance so terrible that old women hurriedly mutter a fervent prayer, brave men take to flight, and young maidens sink in unconsciousness. His character is as changeable as his form.

This history of the Burbages, The Globe Theatre and the early staging of Shakespeare's plays is based on a lifetime of research into the role of the Burbage family in the Elizabethan theater, especially in Shakespeare productions. This work remains indispensable, especially for its extracts from contemporary sources detailing the plays produced, the actors, controversies of the time, censorship, other acting companies, and much else.This title is cited and recommended by the Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature.

A documented and highly charged contemporary indictment of the Belgian exploitation of Africa during the height of the imperialistic age, first published in 1906 with the support of British antislavery organizations. This expose, by a horrified British investigator, of the atrocities committed against the natives of the Congo by soldiers in the employ of King Leopold of Belgium has an introduction by Sir Harry H. Johnston.This title is cited and recommended by The American Historical Association's Guide to Historical Literature.

Foundations of Space Biology and Medicine is a collective scientific work which reviews the most important problems, achievements, and prospects for the development of space biology and medicine. Its purpose is to make available summarized and systematized data on the most important problems of space biology and medicine. The work was developed by a Joint Editorial Board established by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.RContents of Volume III:IntroductionMethods of Providing Life Support for AstronautsBasic Data for Planning Life-Support Systems --- Food and Water Supply --- Air Regenerating and Conditioning --- Clothing and Personal Hygiene --- Isolation and Removal of Waste Products --- Habitability of Spacecraft --- Individual Life-Support Systems Outside a Spacecraft Cabin, Space Suits and CapsulesCharacteristics of Integrated Life-support SystemsNonregenerative Life-Support Systems for Flights of Short and Moderate Duration --- Life-Support Systems for Interplanetary Spacecraft and Space Stations for Long-Term Use --- Biological Life-Support SystemsProtection Against Adverse Factors of Space FlightProtection Against Radiation (Biological, Pharmacological, Chemical, Physical) --- Medical Care of Spacecrews (Medical Care, Equipment, and Prophylaxis) --- Descent and Landing of Spacecrews and Survival in an Unpopulated Area --- Protection of Crews of Spacecraft and Space StationsSelection and Training of AstronautsSelection of Astronauts and Cosmonauts --- Training of Cosmonauts and Astronauts Future Space Biomedical ResearchAn Appraisal of Future Space Biomedical ResearchAuthors' AddressesIndex for Volumes I, II, and IIIContents for Volumes I, II, and IIIAcknowledgments

Foundations of Space Biology and Medicine is a collective scientific work which reviews the most important problems, achievements, and prospects for the development of space biology and medicine. Its purpose is to make available summarized and systematized data on the most important problems of space biology and medicine. The work was developed by a Joint Editorial Board established by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.Contents of Volume II - Book TwoIntroductionEffect of Radiant Energy from Space on the OrganismRadio-Frequency and Microwave Energies, Magnetic and Electric FieldsUltraviolet, Visible, and Infrared RaysIonizing RadiationsPsychophysiological Problems of Space FlightBiological and Physiological RhythmsPsychophysiological Stress of Space FlightPhysiology of the Sensory Sphere Under Spaceflight ConditionsAstronaut ActivityCombined Effect of Spaceflight Factors on Man and Animals; Methods of InvestigationCombined Effect of Flight FactorsMethods of Investigation in Space Biology and Medicine: Transmission of Biomedical DataBiologic Guidelines for Future Space ResearchAuthors' AddressesIndex

Foundations of Space Biology and Medicine is a collective scientific work which reviews the most important problems, achievements, and prospects for the development of space biology and medicine. Its purpose is to make available summarized and systematized data on the most important problems of space biology and medicine. The work was developed by a Joint Editorial Board established by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.Contents of Volume II - Book OneIntroductionInfluence of an Artificial Gaseous Atmosphere of Spacecraft and Stations on the OrganismBarometric Pressure and Gas Composition Toxicology of the Air in Closed Spaces Thermal Exchanges and Temperature StressEffect of Dynamic Flight Factors on the OrganismPrinciples of Gravitational BiologyProlonged Linear and Radial AccelerationsImpact AccelerationsAngular Velocities, Angular Accelerations, and Coriolis AccelerationsWeightlessnessNoise and Vibration

Foundations of Space Biology and Medicine is a collective scientific work which reviews the most important problems, achievements, and prospects for the development of space biology and medicine. Its purpose is to make available summarized and systematized data on the most important problems of space biology and medicine. The work was developed by a Joint Editorial Board established by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.Contents of Volume I:IntroductionPhysical Properties of Space and Their Biological SignificanceTheories of the Origin and Nature of the UniversePhysical Characteristics of Interplanetary SpacePlanets and Satellites of the Solar System from Physical and Ecological Points of ViewThe Moon and Its NatureEarth-Type Planets (Mercury, Venus, and Mars)Planets and Satellites of the Outer Solar System, Asteroids, and CometsProblems of ExobiologyBiological Effects of Extreme Environmental ConditionsTheoretical and Experimental Prerequisites of ExobiologySearch for and Investigation of Extraterrestrial Forms of LifePlanetary Quarantine: Principles, Methods, and ProblemsAuthors' AddressesIndex

CONTENTSForewordIntroduction to Solar PhysicsInternal Rotation of the SunA History of Solar RotationDynamics of the Outer Solar AtmosphereThe Interplanetary PlasmaLower Atmospheres of the PlanetsThe Composition of Planetary AtmospheresInterior Structure of Giant PlanetsRadar and Radio Exploration of the PlanetsNature and Interpretation of the Apollo 11 Lunar SamplesOrigin of the Solar SystemEvolution of Planetary AtmospheresHistory of the Lunar Orbit

Approximately 20 million Americans work some form of nonstandard work schedule. These schedules, which require that an individual work during nondaytime hours, noncontinuous hours, or for extended periods, are referred to as "shift work." Recent advances in the understanding of the biological rhythms of the body and their control by the brain indicate that shift work can disrupt these rhythms, with possible adverse consequences for the worker. This report is the third in a series of OTA studies being conducted under an assessment of "New Developments in Neuroscience." It was requested by the House Committees on Appropriations; Energy and Commerce; Science, Space, and Technology; Veterans Affairs; and the Senate Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. The report discusses biological rhythms: what they are, how they are controlled by the brain, and the role they play in regulating physiological and cognitive functions. The major focus of the report is the examination of the effects of nonstandard work hours on biological rhythms and how these effects can interact with other factors to affect the health, performance, and safety of workers. In addition, the report describes the Federal regulatory framework related to work hours and the current status of biological rhythm and shift work research. The report presents a range of options for congressional action related to the amount of research being conducted on these topics, the collection of relevant workplace statistical data, and the congressional role in ensuring the well-being of individuals engaged in nonstandard hours of work.

Pharmaceutical costs are among the fastest growing components of health care costs today. Although increases in the inflation-adjusted prices of ethical drugs and perceived high prices of new drugs have been a concern of congressional committees for over 30 years, the growing Federal role in paying for prescription drugs has increased the concern over the appropriateness of prices relative to the costs of bringing new drugs to market. Specific policies of U.S. and other governments can alter the delicate balance between costs and returns to pharmaceutical R&D, with ramifications for the future health of Americans, for health care costs, and for the future of the U.S. pharmaceutical industry. OTA's report focuses mainly on the economic side of the R&D process. Pharmaceutical R&D is an investment, and the principal characteristic of an investment is that money is spent today in the hopes of generating even more money in the future. Pharmaceutical R&D is a risky investment; therefore, high financial returns are necessary to induce companies to invest in researching new chemical entities. Changes in Federal policy that affect the cost, uncertainty and returns of pharmaceutical R&D may have dramatic effects on the investment patterns of the industry. Given this sensitivity to policy changes, careful consideration of the effects on R&D is needed. The specific request for this study came from the House Committee on Energy and Commerce and its Subcommittee on Health and the Environment. The Senate Committee on the Judiciary's Subcommittee on Antitrust, Monopolies, and Business Rights endorsed the study. OTA was assisted in this study by an advisory panel of business, consumer, and academic leaders chaired by Frederick M. Scherer, Ph.D., Professor of Economics, John E Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. OTA gratefully acknowledges the contribution of each of these individuals. As with all OTA reports, the final responsibility for the content of the assessment rests with OTA.

This manual contains the engineering tools and concepts that have proven useful in planning, constructing, and maintaining drainage systems for successful long-term irrigation projects. The manual is not a textbook. Mathematical and experimental development of the engineering tools has generally not been included. Indeed, not even all the innovative ways to use the tools are included. The manual provides drainage engineers a ready reference and guide for making accurate estimates of drainage requirements. Design and construction criteria, if followed with reason, will result in reliable drainage systems for irrigated areas.All the methods and techniques covered in the manual have proven to be very satisfactory through observed field conditions on irrigated lands throughout the world. Some methods have a more elegant development and basis in science than others, but all have been designed to solve practical problems in the field.

This book describes briefly some of the methods frequently employed for the propagation of deciduous fruit trees as well as a number of the trees and shrubs used for the adornment of home grounds. Practical details concerning the care and handling of tree seeds, the culture of seedlings, the successive steps in the handling of cuttings, layers, grafts, and buds in order to succeed in these operations, as well as the methods of propagation most suitable for the several kinds of woody plants, are presented.

CONTENTS Foreword Origins and Antecedents: ISS to LID/SLID to SDS Working within the System: SDS and the New Left, 1962-65 Dikes Unplugged: From Dissent to Active Resistance, 1965-67 And How the Torrent Roared: SDS in the Mainstream of Protest, 1967-69 "Walls Come Tumblin' Down": Resistance Becomes Revolution, 1969 Vandals in a Bomb Factory: End of the Road to Anarchy, 1970 From Rags to Riches -- Round Trip: Anatomy of a Revolutionary Movement, 1960-1970 Appendix "Agenda for a Generation" SDS Structure and Publications SDS Finances SDS National Constitution Index