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This book showcases the fundamentals and progressive achievements of capacitive deionization over the years.

Research into the educational effectiveness of chemistry practical work has shown that the laboratory offers a unique mode of instruction, assessment and evaluation. Laboratory work is an integral and important part of the learning process, used to encourage the development of high order thinking and learning alongside high order learning and thinking skills such as argumentation and metacognition.Authored by renowned experts in the field of chemistry education, this book provides a holistic approach to cover all issues related to learning and teaching in the chemistry laboratory. With sections focused on developing the skill sets of teachers, as well as approaches to supporting students in the laboratory, the book offers a comprehensive look at vicarious instruction methods, teacher and students' roles, and the blend with ICT, simulations, and other effective approaches to practical work. The book concludes with a focus on retrospective issues, followed-up with a look to the future of laboratory learning. A product of nearly fifty years of research, this book will be useful for chemistry teachers, curriculum developers, researchers in chemistry education, and professional development providers.

There has been exponential growth in the number of nanoporous framework materials reported in the scientific literature over recent years, with thousands of new metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), molecular framework materials, inorganic framework materials, and supramolecular frameworks. These novel families of materials open up new horizons in practically all branches of engineering, physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine. Many framework materials are based on relatively weak interactions (coordinative bonds, π-π stacking, hydrogen bonds, etc.), and present large numbers of intramolecular degrees of freedom. Evidence is accumulating that there is a propensity among these framework materials to display large-scale dynamic behaviour. These cooperative phenomena are very diverse both in terms of their microscopic origins and their macroscopic manifestations. This volume brings together internationally leading researchers to identify the open questions and challenges in this field as well as the best ways to address them. The topics covered include: Materials breaking the rulesAdvanced characterisation techniques: multi-scale, in situ and time-resolvedNovel computational toolsToward complex systems and devices

The chemistry that occurs within confined spaces is the product of a collection of forces, often beyond the molecule, and is not easily ascribed to singular factors. There is a breadth of material types that can define a confined space (e.g. macrocycles, interlocked molecules, porous and non-porous crystals, organic and inorganic/coordination cages) which are rarely discussed together. Studies of supramolecular entities in the solution and solid states are also not often compared in the same discussion, even though the concepts are often similar or can be easily transferred between the two. Chapters in this book combine classical host-guest chemistry with catalysis, reactivity, and modern supramolecular chemistry. They cover the many different technologies used to describe and understand reactivity in confined spaces in one accessible title.With contributions from leading experts, Reactivity in Confined Spaces will be relevant for graduate students and researchers working in supramolecular chemistry, both organic- and inorganic-based, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, polymer chemistry, and materials science in general.

The chemistry of nanomaterials has developed considerably in the past two decades, and concepts that have emerged from these developments are now well established. The surface modification of nanoparticles is a subject of intense research interest given its importance for many applications across a number of disciplines. This comprehensive guide is the first to be devoted to the surface chemistry of inorganic nanocrystals. Following an introduction to the physical chemistry of surfaces, chapters cover topics such as the surface modification of nanoparticles, water compatible, polymer-based, and inorganic nanocomposites, as well as relevant applications in catalysis, biotechnology and nanomedicine. Highlighting recent advances, Surface Chemistry of Colloidal Nanocrystals provides an integrated approach to chemical aspects related to the surface of nanocrystals. Written by prestigious scientists, this will be a useful resource for students and researchers working in surface science, nanoscience and materials science as well as those interested in the applications of the nanomaterials in areas such as health science, biology, and environmental engineering.

Neurotransmitters are usually considered to be endogenous substances that are released from neurons, act on receptor sites that are typically present on membranes of postsynaptic cells and produce a functional change in the properties of the target cell. They are essential features of the nervous systems of all animals, and numerous chemicals can act as neurotransmitters either intentionally (e.g. pesticides) or unintentionally (neurotoxins). The most common forms of neurotoxicity are the death of neurons, degeneration of axons, damage to glial cells and interference with the axonal membrane or neurotransmission. Important neurotoxins are found among pesticides, metals, solvents, natural substances, and industrial chemicals. Environmental chemicals may also contribute to the pathology of neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. Neurotransmitters and Toxicology will be particularly appealing to toxicologists interested in neurotoxicology in various sub-disciplines and neuro-chemists interested in pathology and disease mechanisms associated with neurotoxicants.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous materials constructed from metal ions/clusters and organic linkers, combining the merits of both organic and inorganic components. Due to high porosity, rich functionalities, well-defined open channels and diverse structures, MOFs show great potentials in field such as gas storage and separation, catalysis, and sensing. Combining them with polymers tunes their chemical, mechanical, electrical and optical properties, and endows MOFs with processability. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline porous materials built from organic molecular units with diverse structures and applications. Hybrid materials with intriguing properties can be achieved by appropriate preparation methods and careful selection of MOFs/COFs and polymers, broadening their potential applications. This book documents the latest research progress in MOF/COF-polymer hybrid materials and reviews and summarises hybridization strategies to achieve MOF/COF polymeric composites. It also introduces various applications and potential applicable scenarios of hybrid MOF/COF polymers. Hybrid Metal-Organic Framework and Covalent Organic Framework Polymers offers an overview to readers who are new to this field, and will appeal to graduate students and researchers working on porous materials, polymers, hybrid materials, and supramolecular chemistry.

Basic Chemistry for Life Science Students and Professionals is an ideal introduction to organic chemistry in the context of the life sciences and pharmacy related disciplines; utilising drug molecules to illustrate the chemical basis of their efficacy and interaction with biological targets.

Inorganic and organometallic polymers feature many attractive properties that are useful for the design of diverse functional materials. Emphasising concepts that inform polymer design, synthesis, and applications, users of this book will gain a complete introduction to inorganic and organometallic polymer science that will further their studies in materials science, chemistry and engineering. The first chapter lays down the core concepts that the book builds from, including polymerisation and naming conventions. It also reveals why some organometallic polymers are better suited than organic polymers in certain applications. Subsequent chapters discuss the chemistry of metals in particular the transition metals as they relate to polymer properties, before walking the reader through in-depth chapters on synthesis, structure, properties, characterization, and examples of inorganic and organometallic polymers. The final chapter presents applications of these polymers in diverse fields ranging from biomedicine, energy to catalysis. Worked examples and exercises are provided at the end of each chapter to assist students in assessing their understanding of these concepts, and journal references are included to direct students to published literature related to inorganic and organometallic polymers. Ideal for lecturers teaching a one semester advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in polymer science, as well as for self-study researchers and industrial chemists that are working with polymers, this book provides the user with a complete and expert grounding to the field.

Over the last two decades, advances in the design, miniaturization, and analytical capabilities of portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) instrumentation have led to its rapid and widespread adoption in a remarkably diverse range of applications in research and industrial fields. The impetus for this volume was that, as pXRF continues to grow into mainstream use, analysts should be increasingly empowered with the right information to safely and effectively employ pXRF as part of their analytical toolkit. This volume provides introductory and advanced-level users alike with readings on topics ranging from basic principles of pXRF and qualitative and quantitative approaches, through to machine learning and artificial intelligence for enhanced applications. It also includes fundamental guidance on calibrations, the mathematics of calculating uncertainties, and an extensive reference index of all elements and their interactions with X-rays. Contributing authors have provided a wealth of information and case studies in industry-specific chapters. These sections delve into detail on current standard practices in industry and research, including examples from agricultural and geo-exploration sectors, research in art and archaeology, and metals industrial and regulatory applications. As pXRF continues to grow in use in industrial and academic settings, it is essential that practitioners continue to learn, share, and implement informed and effective use of this technique. This volume serves as an accessible guidebook and go-to reference manual for new and experienced users in pXRF to achieve this goal.

There is growing interest in the food, supplements, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries in improving the healthiness of their products by incorporating lipophilic bioactive substances like oil-soluble vitamins (A, D and E), omega-3 fatty acids, and nutraceuticals (carotenoids, curcuminoids and flavonoids). However, there are many challenges that need to be overcome due to their poor water-solubility, chemical stability, and bioavailability. For this reason, there is interest in the development of effective encapsulation technologies to increase the efficacy of lipophilic bioactives. This book reviews the encapsulation systems currently available for delivering lipophilic bioactives, including their preparation, functionality, and application range, including nanoemulsions, emulsions, Pickering emulsions, HIPEs, microgels, organogels and liposomes. Chapters 1-2 review the biological activity of delivery systems and lipophilic bioactives. Chapters 3-5 describe the materials and preparation methods used to assemble delivery systems. Chapters 6-17 focus on the formation and application of different kinds of delivery systems. Chapter 18 discusses future trends in the development of bioactive delivery systems. Edited and authored by world renowned scholars, the book provides a state-of-the-art overview of the design, fabrication, and utilization of delivery systems for bioactives that will be useful for academic, government, and industrial scientists in fields such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, chemical engineering, nutrition, and foods.

The use of spectroscopy in food analysis is growing and this informative volume presents the application of advanced spectroscopic techniques in the analysis of food quality. The spectroscopic techniques include visible and NIR spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy and Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). A wide range of food and beverage items are covered including tea, coffee and wine. The chapters will highlight the potential of spectroscopic techniques to enrich the food quality analysis experience when coupled with artificial intelligence and machine learning and provide a good opportunity to assess and critically lay out any future prospects.Different chapters have been written using a bottom-up approach that suits the needs of novice researchers and at the same time offers a smooth read for professionals. The book will also be of use to those developing spectroscopic facilities providing a useful cross comparison of the various techniques.

This volume brings together world-leaders in the field of bioinorganic chemistry to discuss current mechanistic insights into the function of metalloenzymes.

Nanotechnology is a promising technique that can facilitate sustainability across a wide range of areas. By fabricating materials into nanometre-scale, nanotechnology has facilitated an efficient, economically, and environmentally acceptable solution for waste treatment and energy production. This book illustrates how green nanotechnology is being used to promote sustainability, including applications in environmental remediation and energy optimization. First, a comprehensive discussion of the latest advances to address the global challenges in water purification, CO2 management, plastics issue, food waste valorisation, toxic chemical pollutes, and energy efficiency will be provided. This is followed by the new opportunities that have been created in the production of alternative renewable energy under the premise of low natural resource consumption and minuscule toxicity production. Offering an important reference for the research community to understand more about green nanotechnology and its applications in sustainable development and circular economy.  The book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in nanotechnology, materials science, sustainability, environmental science, and energy.

Greenhouse gas removal (GGR) technologies can remove greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Most of the current GGR technologies focus on carbon dioxide removal, these include afforestation and reforestation, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, direct air capture, enhanced weathering, soil carbon sequestration and biochar, ocean fertilisation and coastal blue carbon. GGR technologies will be essential in limiting global warning to temperatures below 1.5(deg)C (targets by the IPCC and COP21) and will be required to achieve deep reductions in atmospheric CO2 concentration. In the context of recent legally binding legislation requiring the transition to a net zero emissions economy by 2050, GGR technologies are broadly recognised as being indispensable.This book provides the most up-to-date information on GGR technologies that provide removal of atmosphere CO2, giving insight into their role and value in achieving climate change mitigation targets. Chapters discuss the issues associated with commercial development and deployment of GGRs, providing potential approaches to overcome these hurdles through a combination of political, economic and R&D strategies.With contributions from leaders in the field, this title is an indispensable resource for graduate students and researchers in academia and industry, working in chemical engineering, mechanical engineering and energy policy.

The area of research on the health benefits of berries, their bioactive compounds and their related metabolites has exploded in the last 20 years resulting in new knowledge in the understanding of their metabolism, molecular mode of action as well as their clinical significance in promoting health and preventing chronic disease.Berries and Berry Bioactive Compounds in Promoting Health, reviews state-of-the-art research findings on this exponentially growing area. This comprehensive book brings together international experts in their corresponding fields with cutting-edge reviews. Exploring the effects and mechanisms of action of berry bioactive compounds and their metabolites on different body systems and chronic diseases, including their role on gut microbiota and eventual effect on health is the focus of this book. Unique topics covered, include the chemistry and analytical methods of detection of berry bioactive compounds, bioavailability, metabolism and factors that affect them including individual variability, their interaction with the gut microbiome, and their role and mechanism(s) of action on chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and obesity-induced inflammation, and cancer as well as neuroprotection and wound healing.It will be of benefit to scientists conducting research in the area of berries and their bioactive compounds on health and disease and for health care professionals, nutritionists, dietitians and clinical researchers, nutraceutical and natural food product developers (industry) and food regulators.

This book provides an interdisciplinary review of one of the great unsolved mysteries that has fascinated scientists for over 150 years: the origin of chirality in biomolecules. Current advances in fields as diverse as space exploration, prebiotic chemistry and high-energy physics may help to provide an answer. Important pieces of information will come from observations at the two frontiers of science: outer space and the subatomic world. Observation of distant planets, galaxies, and even actual sampling of celestial objects from beyond the solar system are projects currently underway. At the other end of the spectrum, there are experiments that study the elemental properties of matter, such as symmetry, and interactions with the fundamental forces. Completely revised and updated this new edition once again unifies all the theories of the origin of biomolecular homochirality together in a single source. This complete, interdisciplinary review of an intriguing subject condenses a large and disparate range of contributions from journals in almost every scientific field. The various theories have been organized, interrelated and explained in a unified way. It is fundamental, comprehensive and structured to be accessible for educational purposes.

This book consists of a series of lectures introducing what the author believes to be the theoretical minimum for the understanding of nuclear spin dynamics, the branch of physics underpinning magnetic resonance techniques such as NMR and MRI.

Authored by a leading expert in the field, this textbook will cover the synthesis, spectroscopic characterisation and optimisation of semiconductor materials, accounting for the most recent developments in the field of nanomaterials.

Vaccine development is a complex and time consuming process that differs from the development of conventional pharmaceuticals. Primarily, vaccines are intended for use in healthy individuals as a preventative measure, requiring a long and rigorous process of research and many years of testing and development prior to clinical trials and regulatory approval. The average time for the development of vaccines to clinical is 12 to 15 years. Vaccine Development: From Concept to Clinic is a detailed overview of the development of new vaccines, covering the entire process and addresses all classes of vaccines from a processing, development and regulatory viewpoint. Utilising successful case studies the book will provide insight to the issues scientists face when producing a vaccine, the steps involved and will serve as an ideal reference tool regarding state-of-the-art vaccine development. This book is an ideal companion for any researchers working in vaccine discovery and development or with an interest in the field.

Materials have the potential to be the centrepiece for the transition to viable renewable energy technologies if they realise a specific suite of properties and achieve a desired set of performance metrics. The envisioned transition involves the discovery of materials that enable generation, conversion, storage, transmission, and utilization of renewable energy. This book presents, through the eye of materials chemistry, an umbrella view of the myriad of classes of materials that make renewable energy technologies work. They are poised to facilitate the transition of non-renewable and unsustainable energy systems of the past into renewable and sustainable energy systems of the future. It is a story that often begins in chemistry laboratories with the discovery of new energy materials. Yet, to displace materials in existing energy technologies with new ones, depends not only on the ability to design and engineer a superior set of performance metrics for the material and the technology but also the requirement to meet a demanding collection of economic, regulatory, social, policy, environmental and sustainability criteria. Disruption in the traditional way of discovering materials is coming with the emergence of artificial intelligence, machine learning and robotic automation designed to accelerate the well-established discovery process, massive libraries of materials can be evaluated and the possibilities are endless. This book provides a perspective on the application of these new technologies to this field as well as an overview of energy materials discovery in the broader techno-economic and social context. Any budding researcher or more experienced materials scientist will find a guide to a fascinating story of discovery and emerge with a vision of what is next.

This book details the latest research and development in the use of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy as tools to give quantitative insights concerning late stage pharmaceutical formulation, tablet manufacturing and drug dissolution behaviour. The book combines different facets of magnetic resonance and highlights the use of spatial resolution (MRI) and how this adds to the knowledge base to further our understanding of the microscopic physicochemical processes occurring during drug release from solid dosage forms. New topics, that have not been thoroughly reviewed elsewhere, are covered including the applications of solution state magnetic resonance in process scale up, reaction monitoring/understanding and process analytical technologies (PAT); dissolution testing; and counterfeit analysis. Solid state NMR and its role in understanding phase separation in dispersions, polymorphism and crystallography is included and magnetic resonance imaging and its use in assessing tablet dissolution performance, mass transport and mixing in hot melt extrusion (HME) are covered.Focusing on late stage development rather than molecular drug discovery provides a unique approach and the book will appeal to a diversity of disciplines using spectroscopy for study. Aimed at researchers in drug development, manufacture and formulation in both industry (pharmaceutical companies) and academia (pharmacy program), it includes examples, where appropriate, of studies on commercially available pharmaceutical products.